The Japanese Diet
The Japanese Diet
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日本饮食
DOI：
10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190050993.013.50
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Masuyama Mikitaka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Masuyama Mikitaka
日本国会历史悠久，可以追溯到1890年，是最古老的非西方国家议会。议会研究传统上强调立法转型，并对议会是否具有转型性进行定性。然而，这种方法关注的是议会中可以观察到的一些东西。它很少关注议会前的转型和压制某些议会活动的制度结构。代议制民主通过立法和选举制度的相互联系发挥作用，影响权力的融合和扩散。关键是要记住在议会中可以观察到和记录到的东西。要做到这一点，我们必须充分理解立法活动发生的制度约束以及制度与行为之间的相互作用。2本章概述了议会的运作，重点是议员所属的议会团体，这些团体在议会内部以团体的形式行动，以及议会团体在构建议员议会行为中的核心作用。本章的第一部分通过探索外部观察者似乎很好奇的具体事件和议会实践，说明了谈判的作用和议会集团之间谈判的破裂。第二部分回顾了议会在一个典型年份中的运作方式，从年度预算程序开始，强调日历在建立议会日常惯例、规则和制度方面的关键作用。在第三部分也是最后一部分，我们研究了日本政治制度的结构特征是如何强烈影响议会行为的，重点是立法程序、立法-行政关系、两院制和议会选举。
The Japanese Diet has a rich history, dating back to 1890, making it the oldest non-Western national parliament. Parliamentary studies traditionally emphasize legislative transformation and characterize whether parliaments are transformative or not. 1 However, such an approach focuses on something observable in the parliament. It pays little attention to the transformation before parliament and the institutional structures that suppress certain parliamentary activities. Representative democracy functions through the interconnection of the legislative and electoral systems, affecting the fusion and diffusion of powers. It is critical to keep in mind what is observable and recordable in the parliament. To do so, we must adequately understand the institutional constraints under which legislative activities occur and the interaction between institution and behavior. 2This chapter provides an overview of parliamentary workings, focusing on parliamentary groups to which legislators belong to act in groups within the Diet and its central role in structuring their parliamentary behavior. The first part of the chapter illustrates the role of negotiation and the breakdown of negotiation between parliamentary groups in the Diet by exploring specific incidents and parliamentary practices that seem curious to outside observers. The second section reviews how parliament operates across a typical year, beginning with the annual process of budgeting and emphasizing the calendar’s critical role in establishing the daily practices, rules, and institutions in the Diet. In the third and final section, we examine how the Japanese political system’s structural features strongly influence parliamentary behavior, focusing on the legislative process, legislative-executive relations, bicameralism, and parliamentary elections.