Citizens and Refugees: Constructing and Negotiating Tibetan Identities in Exile

Citizens and Refugees: Constructing and Negotiating Tibetan Identities in Exile
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公民与难民:流亡藏人身份的建构与谈判

DOI:
10.1080/00045608.2011.628245
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发表时间:
2013
期刊:
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
McConnell F
McConnell F
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
McConnell F

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身份和国家之间关系的核心是在一个有限的民族社区中的公民居民和它的原型“他者”--难民之间建立一种二元关系。这里研究的案例从根本上打破了这种二元论以及公民和难民与国家地位和无国籍概念的传统映射。流亡藏人有自己的政府结构在印度国内运作--尽管没有得到法律承认--在西藏流亡政府眼中,他们同时是“西藏公民”,在国际社会许多人眼中,他们是“难民”,在印度政府眼中,他们是“外宾”。基于对流亡西藏政治制度和实践的民族志研究,本文绘制了印度藏人与识别、贴上标签和记录他们的两个“政府”之间的矛盾关系。为此,它探讨了使“难民”和“公民”的身份制度化的法律话语和官僚管理,以及这些政治机构签发的身份证件的实质性。因此,一个对领土没有主权的政治共同体就公民身份和难民身份进行谈判,从而引发了关于公民身份、国家地位和合法性之间的关系以及公民和难民类别中固有的模棱两可和权力关系的问题。
At the heart of the relationship between identity and the state is the construction of a binary between the citizen resident, in a bounded national community, and its archetypal “other,” the refugee. The case studied here fundamentally disrupts this dualism and the conventional mapping of citizen and refugee onto concepts of statehood and statelessness. With their own government structure operating within the state of India—albeit without legal recognition—exile Tibetans are simultaneously “Tibetan citizens” in the eyes of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile, “refugees” in the eyes of many within the international community, and “foreign guests” in the eyes of the Indian state. Based on ethnographic research on exiled Tibetan political institutions and practices, this article charts the contradictory relationship between Tibetans in India and each of the two “governments” that identify, label, and document them. It does so by exploring both the legal discourses and bureaucratic administrations through which the identities of “refugee” and “citizen” are institutionalized, and the materiality of the identity documents issued by these polities. The negotiation of citizenship and refugeehood by a political community without sovereignty over territory thus opens up questions regarding the relationship among citizenship, statehood, and legitimacy, and the ambiguity and power relations inherent within the categories of citizen and refugee.
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