Time use in Russian Baby Homes.
Time use in Russian Baby Homes.
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俄罗斯婴儿之家的时间使用。
DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00766.x
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Miller,LC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tirella,LG;Chan,W;Cermak,SA;Litvinova,A;Salas,KC;Miller,LC
BackgroundWe调查的时间使用的俄罗斯儿童居住在婴儿之家，以记录他们的机会和经验，在机构care.MethodsTime使用的138个非特殊需要，随机选择的儿童（65名女性与73名男性，年龄1个月至4岁）在婴儿之家在摩尔曼斯克，俄罗斯，进行了分析。 婴儿之家专家接受了及时使用现场观察方法的培训。每10分钟观察一次，持续5小时（31次观察/儿童; >4000个数据点）。 在每一个观察，我们编码：谁的孩子是与成人的角色，孩子在做什么，位置和vocalizations.ResultsChildren花了50%的时间独自一人，27%的照顾者，15%与另一个成年人，和7%与另一个孩子。婴儿独自度过的时间（65%）明显多于幼儿（43%）或学前儿童（46%）[F（2，133）= 13.05，P <0.0001]。 照顾者监督儿童（58%），领导团体活动（16%），照顾个人（14%），或不在房间（12%）。儿童在日常生活活动中花费的时间最多（32%）;其余时间用于有意义的游戏（27%），无目的的活动（16%）或睡眠（18%）。不同年龄组儿童在有意义的游戏中所花费的时间百分比显著增加[婴儿10%，幼儿25%，学龄前儿童36%，F（2，133）= 26.9，P <0.001]。 婴儿（23%）和幼儿（20%）在非目的性活动上花费的时间显著多于老年组（10%）[F（2，133）= 26.9，P <0.001]。 在12%的观察中，一个成年人在和孩子说话，10%的人在和小组说话，1%的人在和另一个成年人说话。儿童发声因年龄而异：婴儿42%，幼儿56%，学龄前儿童59%。年龄较大的儿童比年龄较小的儿童更多地向成年人发出声音[F（2，133）= 24.47，P <0.001]。结论婴儿之家儿童的时间利用受到时间安排和照顾的限制，以儿童指导或与成年人互动游戏为代价。 尽管距离很近，生活在集体照顾中，但儿童的发声和与他人的互动是有限的。
BackgroundWe investigated time use of Russian children residing in Baby Homes to document their opportunities and experiences during institutional care.MethodsTime use of 138 non‐special needs, randomly selected children (65 female vs. 73 male, age 1 month to 4 years) in Baby Homes in Murmansk, Russia, was analysed. Baby Home specialists were trained in time‐use spot observation methodology. Each child was observed every 10 min for 5 h (31 observations/child; >4000 data points). At each observation, we coded: who the child was with, adult role, what the child was doing, location and vocalizations.ResultsChildren spent 50% of their time alone, 27% with a caregiver, 15% with another adult, and 7% with another child. Infants spent significantly more time alone (65%) than toddlers (43%) or pre‐schoolers (46%) [F(2,133) = 13.05,P< 0.0001]. Caregivers supervised children (58%), led group activities (16%), cared for individuals (14%), or were absent from the room (12%). Children spent the most time (32%) in activities of daily living; remaining time was spent in meaningful play (27%), non‐purposeful activity (16%) or sleep (18%). The percentage of time spent in meaningful play significantly increased across age groups [infants 10%, toddlers 25%, pre‐schoolers 36%,F(2,133) = 26.9,P< 0.001]. Infants (23%) and toddlers (20%) spent significantly more time than the older group (10%) in non‐purposeful activity [F(2,133) = 26.9,P< 0.001]. In 12% of observations, an adult was speaking to the child, in 10% to the group, and <1% to another adult. Child vocalizations varied by age: infants 42% of observations, toddlers 56%, and pre‐schoolers 59%. Older children directed more vocalizations to adults than younger children [F(2,133) = 24.47,P< 0.001].ConclusionTime use of children residing in Baby Homes is limited by routinized schedules and care, at the expense of child‐directed or interactive play with adults. Despite close proximity and living in group care, children's vocalizations and interactions with others are limited.