The history of myelin.
The history of myelin.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.005
复制
发表时间：
2016-09
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Boullerne, Anne Isabelle
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Boullerne, Anne Isabelle
安德烈亚斯·维萨里在世纪发现了白色物质，但货车·列文虎克在1717年第一个观察到有髓纤维。随后出现了球状髓磷脂理论，声称除了1781年丰塔纳提出的原始圆柱体外，神经系统的所有元素都是髓磷脂。1836年雷马克的轴突革命将髓磷脂降级为未知。1833年，埃克林伯格描述了具有双边界的神经管，1839年，许旺描述了具有核的神经管，但髓鞘直到1854年才获得了由魏尔肖创造的髓鞘的名称。由于舒尔茨在1865年的锇特异性染色，髓鞘指定了今天已知的结构。然而，髓磷脂的起源令人困惑。只有在朗维尔发现了一个周期性的分割，这来到我们的节点朗维尔，他在1872年大胆提出，神经节间是一个脂肪细胞分泌髓磷脂的细胞质。朗维尔的假说遭到了高度的怀疑，因为没有人能看到细胞质，而施旺细胞这个术语在1895年慢慢地出现在冯·伦霍塞克的词汇中。当Cajal最终在1912年承认许旺细胞节间的概念时，他仍然坚信髓鞘是由轴突分泌的。1919年，Del Río-Hortega重新发现了少突胶质细胞（继1899年的Robertson之后），并于1921年将其命名为少突胶质细胞，从而对抗了卡哈尔在他看不见的第三种元素中发现的第二种细胞类型。彭菲尔德不得不在1924年拯救德尔里奥-霍特加，以使少突胶质细胞被接受。他们共同假设髓鞘可以由少突胶质细胞制造，被认为是雪旺细胞的中央等同物。与此同时，Klebs在1865年观察到髓磷脂的双折射特性，然后施密特在1924年证实了其高脂肪含量，由Thughum在1884年通过生物化学确定。世纪，施密特发展了X射线衍射，他在1935年发现了这种最奇特结构的晶体状组织，并在1937年提出了g比的概念。大约在同一时间发生了一场革命：跳跃传导，髓鞘存在的原因，由Tasaki在1939年发现，并由Huxley和Stämpfli在1949年证实。第二次世界大战后，广泛使用的电子显微镜使格伦终于在1954年发现了髓磷脂的起源，这比魏尔肖在1854年创造“髓磷脂”整整晚了世纪。格伦敏锐地发现，许旺细胞包裹在轴突周围，并产生一种螺旋状的致密膜髓鞘。由于少突胶质细胞远离轴突的特殊结构，髓鞘的中央起源需要更长的时间，但在1962年，Bunges建立了少突胶质细胞分泌髓鞘的确切证据。髓鞘生物学的时代开始了。1973年，诺顿发明了一种纯化髓磷脂的方法，开启了现代分子时代。
Andreas Vesalius is attributed the discovery of white matter in the 16th century but van Leeuwenhoek is arguably the first to have observed myelinated fibers in 1717. A globular myelin theory followed, claiming all elements of the nervous system except for Fontana’s primitive cylinder with outer sheath in 1781. Remak’s axon revolution in 1836 relegated myelin to the unknown. Ehrenberg described nerve tubes with double borders in 1833, and Schwann with nuclei in 1839, but the medullary sheath acquired its name of myelin, coined by Virchow, only in 1854. Thanks to Schultze’s osmium specific staining in 1865, myelin designates the structure known today. The origin of myelin though was baffling. Only after Ranvier discovered a periodic segmentation, which came to us as nodes of Ranvier, did he venture suggesting in 1872 that the nerve internode was a fatty cell secreting myelin in cytoplasm. Ranvier’s hypothesis was met with high skepticism, because nobody could see the cytoplasm, and the term Schwann cell very slowly emerged into the vocabulary with von Lenhossék in 1895. When Cajal finally admitted the concept of Schwann cell internode in 1912, he still firmly believed myelin was secreted by the axon. Del Río-Hortega re-discovered oligodendrocytes in 1919 (after Robertson in 1899) and named them oligodendroglia in 1921, thereby antagonizing Cajal for discovering a second cell type in his invisible third element. Penfield had to come to del Río-Hortega’s rescue in 1924 for oligodendrocytes to be accepted. They jointly hypothesized myelin could be made by oligodendrocytes, considered the central equivalent of Schwann cells. Meanwhile myelin birefringence properties observed by Klebs in 1865 then Schmidt in 1924 confirmed its high fatty content, ascertained by biochemistry by Thudichum in 1884. The 20th century saw X-ray diffraction developed by Schmitt, who discovered in 1935 the crystal-like organization of this most peculiar structure, and devised the g-ratio concept in 1937. A revolution happened around the same time: saltatory conduction, the very reason for myelin existence, discovered by Tasaki in 1939 and confirmed by Huxley and Stämpfli in 1949. After the second world war, widely available electron microscopes allowed Geren to finally discover the origin of myelin in 1954, exactly a century after Virchow coined ‘myelin’ in 1854. Geren had the genial insight that the Schwann cell wraps around the axon and generates a spiral of compacted membrane–myelin. The central origin of myelin took a little longer due to the special configuration of oligodendrocyte distanced from the axon, but in 1962 the Bunges established the definitive proof that oligodendrocyte secretes myelin. The era of myelin biology had begun. In 1973 Norton devised a method to purify myelin which launched the modern molecular era.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Fuenfschilling, Ursula;Supplie, Lotti M.;Mahad, Don;Boretius, Susann;Saab, Aiman S.;Edgar, Julia;Brinkmann, Bastian G.;Kassmann, Celia M.;Tzvetanova, Iva D.;Moebius, Wiebke;Diaz, Francisca;Meijer, Dies;Suter, Ueli;Hamprecht, Bernd;Sereda, Michael W.;Moraes, Carlos T.;Frahm, Jens;Goebbels, Sandra;Nave, Klaus-Armin
通讯作者：
Nave, Klaus-Armin
DOI：
10.1083/jcb.4.5.651
发表时间：
1958-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF BIOPHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CYTOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
DEROBERTIS, E;GERSCHENFELD, HM;WALD, F
通讯作者：
WALD, F
影响因子：
--
作者：
Donaldson, HH;Hoke, GW
通讯作者：
Hoke, GW
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
FERNANDEZMORAN, H
通讯作者：
FERNANDEZMORAN, H
DOI：
10.1083/jcb.10.1.67
发表时间：
1961-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF BIOPHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CYTOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
BUNGE, MB;RIS, H;BUNGE, RP
通讯作者：
BUNGE, RP