Herbarium specimens reveal increasing herbivory over the past century
Herbarium specimens reveal increasing herbivory over the past century
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2745.13057
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发表时间：
2019-01-01
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Davies, T. Jonathan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Meineke, Emily K.;Classen, Aimee T.;Davies, T. Jonathan
1. 预测生态相互作用将如何应对全球变化是一项重大挑战。植物及其相关的食草昆虫构成了宏观多样性的大部分，然而它们之间的相互作用是如何被最近的环境变化所改变的，仍然没有得到充分的研究。为了解决这一差距，我们对四种植物的植物标本馆标本进行了量化，这些标本的记录可追溯到112年。我们的研究集中在美国东北部，那里的气温在过去几十年里迅速上升。这个地区也代表了一系列的城市发展，这是一种全球变化的形式，在过去的研究中对食草动物产生了不同的影响。21世纪初收集的植物标本馆标本被食草动物破坏的可能性比20世纪初收集的标本高23%。在温暖的冬季和低纬度地区，草食性更大，这表明气候变暖可能随着时间的推移导致昆虫伤害增加。相比之下，人口密度与食草动物的伤害呈负相关。为了探讨昆虫发生或丰度的变化是否可以解释食草性的变化，我们利用昆虫观测记录建立了鳞翅目食草动物（蝴蝶和飞蛾）的气候占用模型。这些模型表明，较高的冬季温度与较高的食草昆虫存在的可能性有关，而城市化与食草动物存在的可能性降低有关，支持昆虫食草动物发生与食草动物通过环境介导之间的联系。合成。利用一个多世纪的植物食草时间记录，我们发现温度和城市化都会影响昆虫对植物的伤害，但方式非常不同。我们的研究结果表明，随着全球气温的升高，美国东北部昆虫食草动物对植物的损害可能会随着时间的推移而继续增加，但城市化可能会通过排除某些食草动物来破坏冬季变暖对当地食草动物的影响。这些变化可能会形成由草食驱动的生态系统过程，包括植物生产力。
1. Predicting how ecological interactions will respond to global change is a major challenge. Plants and their associated insect herbivores compose much of macroscopic diversity, yet how their interactions have been altered by recent environmental change remains underexplored.2. To address this gap, we quantified herbivory on herbarium specimens of four plant species with records extending back 112 years. Our study focused on the northeastern US, where temperatures have increased rapidly over the last few decades.This region also represents a range of urban development, a form of global change that has shown variable effects on herbivores in the past studies.3. Herbarium specimens collected in the early 2000s were 23% more likely to be damaged by herbivores than those collected in the early 1900s. Herbivory was greater following warmer winters and at low latitudes, suggesting that climate warming may drive increasing insect damage over time.In contrast, human population densities were negatively associated with herbivore damage.4. To explore whether changes in insect occurrence or abundance might explain shifts in herbivory, we used insect observational records to build climate occupancy models for lepidopteran herbivores (butterflies and moths) of our focal plant species.5. These models show that higher winter temperatures were associated with higher probability of insect herbivore presence, while urbanization was associated with reduced probability of herbivore presence, supporting a link between insect herbivore occurrence and herbivory mediated through environment.6. Synthesis. Using a temporal record of plant herbivory that spans over a century, we show that both temperature and urbanization influence insect damage to plants, but in very different ways. Our results indicate that damage to plants by insect herbivores will likely continue to increase through time in the northeastern US as global temperatures rise, but that urbanization may disrupt local effects of winter warming on herbivory by excluding certain herbivores. These changes may scale to shape ecosystem processes that are driven by herbivory, including plant productivity.