Urbanity as a Process and the Role of Relative Network Properties—A Case Study From the Early Iron Age
Urbanity as a Process and the Role of Relative Network Properties—A Case Study From the Early Iron Age
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DOI：
10.3389/fdigh.2020.00002
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发表时间：
2020-08
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
Oliver Nakoinz;M. Bilger;David Matzig
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Oliver Nakoinz;M. Bilger;David Matzig
在过去，人们讨论了许多城市化的概念，并制定了各种城镇标准。这些因素包括面积、人口、法律的方面、生活方式、结构和功能办法。然而，由于上述标准只涵盖了这一现象的一部分，而且部分使用了固定和任意的阈值，因此不足以进行分析。我们转向对城市性的理解，将其视为一个创造和塑造建筑物和人的风景的过程，这主要是由复杂性驱动的。从这个意义上说，我们将城市性理解为一个复杂的定居系统中不断变化的条件或背景的适应过程，这是由规模引发的，由示范性解决方案吸引，并以新结构的出现为特征。在本文中，我们解决的问题，相对中心性提出的Christaller在城市化的过程中，以及网络科学的方法内的中心性。我们的目标是将城市性，中心性，互动性和连通性的不同概念交织在一起，结合不同的概念和研究传统并扩展它们，从而形成不同术语框架的集合。在适应的背景下，城市化是相对的，因为不同的地方在不同的条件下可能获得更好或更差的适应。城市化进程总是受到太多复杂性和太少连通性的威胁。最重要的是，城市化的特征是连通性的某种过剩。这种盈余映射的中心性的变体提出的Christaller。虽然Christaller的模型可以转移到网络科学框架中，但Christaller并没有提供足够的中心性度量。因此，他的中心性概念不可能被正确地转移，而不仔细翻译到网络研究的背景。在这篇文章中，我们将讨论为什么这是必要的，并解释如何做到这一点。在本文中，上述概念将被应用到早期铁器时代，特别是Heuneburg。为了表现不同节点之间的相似性和相互作用，可以使用非常有限的物质文化部分。为此，我们使用腓骨，它允许相当准确的约会，从而确保网络分析的时间段很窄。使用Fibulae，研究将限于特定的社会阶层，我们称之为“中产阶级”。本文旨在使用网络分析等更简单的方法来处理城市性这一相当复杂的问题。在这种情况下，我们追求理论和方法的紧密结合，我们认为某些概念问题。本文有两个主要结果。首先，我们开发了一个一致的方法，以应用社会网络中心性措施的地理网络。其次，我们将分析上述中产阶级在城市化进程中所扮演的角色。
In the past numerous concepts of urbanity have been discussed and a variety of criteria for towns have been developed. They include size, population, legal aspects, way of life, structural and functional approaches. However, since the mentioned criteria cover only a part of the phenomenon and partly use fixed and arbitrary thresholds, they are not sufficient for analysis. We turn to an understanding of urbanity as a process that creates and shapes the scenery of the buildings and people and that is mainly driven by complexity. In this sense, we understand urbanity as a process of adaptation to changing conditions or contexts in a complex settlement system, which is triggered by size, attracted by exemplary solutions and characterized by the emergence of new structures. In this paper we address the issue of relative centrality as proposed by Christaller in the urbanity process as well as centrality within a network sciences approach. Our aim is to interweave different concepts of urbanity, centrality, interaction and connectivity, combining different concepts and research traditions as well as expanding them, resulting in a collection of different terminological frameworks. In the context of adaptation, urbanity is relative in the sense that different places may have gained better or worse adaptation under different conditions. The urbanity process is always shaped by the threat of too much complexity and too little connectivity. Above all, it is a certain surplus of connectivity that characterizes urbanity. This surplus is mapped by the variant of centrality proposed by Christaller. While Christaller's models can be transferred into network sciences frameworks, Christaller does not offer an adequate centrality measure. Therefore, his concept of centrality cannot be transferred correctly without being translated carefully into the network research context. In this article, we argue why this is necessary and explain how it can be done. In this paper the above concept will be applied to the Early Iron Age Princely Seats with a special focus on the Heuneburg. In order to represent similarities and interaction between different nodes a very limited part of the material culture can be used. For this purpose we use fibulae which allow for fairly accurate dating and hence ensure a narrow time slice for the network analysis. Using Fibulae the research will be limited to a certain social segment, which we refer to as “middle class.” This paper is intended to deal with the rather complex issue of urbanity using more simple approaches such as network analysis. In this context, we pursue a tight integration of theory and methodology and we consider certain conceptual issues. This paper has two main results. Firstly, we develop a consistent approach in order to apply social network centrality measures on geographical networks. Secondly, we will analyse which role the above mentioned middle class played in the course of urbanity processes.