Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways
Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways
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DOI：
10.1021/es048715f
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发表时间：
2005-02-01
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Weinstein, JP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lough, GC;Schauer, JJ;Weinstein, JP
在密尔沃基，威斯康星州的两个隧道在2000年夏季和2001年冬季的排放量的金属和其他颗粒相物种的道路上的机动车辆进行了测量。排放因子的计算细（PM2.5）和粗（PM10）颗粒物在隧道出入口的测量，车队组成和季节的影响进行了研究。级联撞击器（MOUDI）被用来获得尺寸分辨的金属排放率。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和X射线荧光（XRF）对金属进行定量。PM10排放率范围为38.7至201 mg km（-1），主要由有机碳（OC，30%），无机离子（硫酸盐，氯化物，硝酸盐，铵，20%），金属（19%）和元素碳（EC，9.3%）组成。PM10金属排放主要由地壳元素Si、Fe、Ca、Na、Mg、Al和K以及与排气管排放和制动器和轮胎磨损相关的元素，包括Cu、Zn、Sb、Ba、Pb和S。PM2.5中的金属排放量较低（质量的11.6%）。道路灰尘的再悬浮取决于天气和路面条件，排放量的增加与交通量和重型卡车的比例增加有关。催化转化器的贵金属排放似乎受到旧车的影响。与制动器磨损相关的元素的影响，丰富的道路灰尘再悬浮，但这些元素在PM2.5中的相关性表明，直接制动器磨损排放也很重要。亚微米颗粒模式中观察到的排放量的铅，钙，铁，铜。
Emissions of metals and other particle-phase species from on-road motor vehicles were measured in two tunnels in Milwaukee, WI during the summer of 2000 and winter of 2001. Emission factors were calculated from measurements of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) particulate matter at tunnel entrances and exits, and effects of fleet composition and season were investigated. Cascade impactors (MOUDI) were used to obtain size-resolved metal emission rates. Metals were quantified with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). PM10 emission rates ranged from 38.7 to 201 mg km(-1) and were composed mainly of organic carbon (OC, 30%), inorganic ions (sulfate, chloride, nitrate, ammonium, 20%), metals (19%), and elemental carbon (EC, 9.3%). PM10 metal emissions were dominated by crustal elements Si, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, and K, and elements associated with tailpipe emissions and brake and tire wear, including Cu, Zn, Sb, Ba, Pb, and S. Metals emitted in PM2.5 were lower (11.6% of mass). Resuspension of roadway dust was dependent on weather and road surface conditions, and increased emissions were related to higher traffic volumes and fractions of heavy trucks. Emission of noble metals from catalytic converters appeared to be impacted by the presence of older vehicles. Elements related to brake wear were impacted by enriched road dust resuspension, but correlations between these elements in PM2.5 indicate that direct brake wear emissions are also important. A submicrometer particle mode was observed in the emissions of Pb, Ca, Fe, and Cu.