Anatomy and pathology of the whale heart with special reference to the coronary circulation
Anatomy and pathology of the whale heart with special reference to the coronary circulation
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鲸鱼心脏的解剖学和病理学，特别是冠状循环
DOI：
10.1002/ar.1091410408
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发表时间：
1961
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
H. Perlmutter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Truex;F. G. Nolan;H. P. Schneider;H. Perlmutter
鲸鱼在动物王国中的独特地位长期以来一直激发着科学界的好奇心和研究兴趣。这些神秘的哺乳动物，其遥远的祖先生活在陆地上，在适应海洋环境的进化过程中，修改了它们的一些器官系统。因此，对鲸目动物循环和呼吸系统的解剖学、病理学和生理学进行观察并不奇怪。诺克斯（1838年）在长须鲸（Balaena borealis Knox）的一只成年和一只胎儿身上观察到了巨大的心脏。他说，成年人的心脏“大小相当于一个普通大小的洗衣桶”，而胎儿的心脏“形状奇特，非常扁平，几乎没有表现出顶点的外观”。Pouchet和Beauregard（1889年，1892年）在两条幼鲸（Balaenoptera musculus和rostrata）的心脏漏斗腹面上发现了完整的动脉环。这些作者还注意到两个标本中边缘动脉和腹侧室间动脉之间的闭塞。白色和克尔（'15 -27）检查了成年抹香鲸心脏的冠状血管，但没有发现冠状动脉疾病的证据。Walmsley（'38）暴露并测量了一只320磅重的成年雌性长须鲸（Balaenoptera physalus）心脏的冠状动脉外径。他还出色地描述了一个身长143厘米的长须鲸胎儿的心脏和冠状动脉循环。沃尔姆斯利说：“冠状静脉具有通常的哺乳动物分布，尽管它们是典型的鲸目动物静脉系统，因为多个通道取代了大多数哺乳动物中的单一静脉。Race、Edwards、Halden、Wilson和Luibe 1（'59）最近完成了一项关于成年雄性抹香鲸（Physeter catodon）256磅心脏中主动脉、冠状动脉、静脉引流和心肌纤维的研究。他们还研究了一只身长2.1米的抹香鲸胎儿的心脏。这些作者测量了成年人的心脏和冠状动脉循环，并用图表说明了他们的结果。虽然他们观察到左冠状动脉和右冠状动脉之间有大量的多发性动脉粥样硬化，但他们表示“没有发现任何动脉粥样硬化或钙化的证据”。鲸鱼的心脏传导系统已经通过几项研究进行了形态学检查（白色和Kerr，'15-77; Ogata，'17; Ogata和Sassa，'19; Walmsley，'38; Race等人，'59; Truex，'61）.从活的白鲸、长须鲸、灰鲸和领航鲸身上记录了心电图（King，詹克斯和白色，'53;白色，King和詹克斯，'53; Kanwisher和Senft，'60; Nolan和Truex，未发表的数据）。关于小型水生哺乳动物的生理学实验，读者可参考欧文（'39）、斯考兰德（' 40）、斯考兰德和欧文（'41）以及欧文、斯考兰德和格林内尔（' 41）的有趣论文。上述对鲸心脏和冠状循环的解剖和病理研究是有必要的
The unique position of the whale in the animal kingdom has long stimulated the curiosity and challenged the research interest of the scientific world. These enigmatic mammals, whose remote ancestors lived on land, have, during the evolutionary process of adapting to a marine environment, modified some of their organ systems. It is not surprising, therefore, that observations have been made upon the anatomy, pathology and physiology of the cetacean circulatory and respiratory systems. Knox (1838) observed the great size of the heart in one adult and one fetus of the fin whale (Balaena borealis Knox). He stated the adult heart “equalled in size an ordinary sized washing-tub,’’ while the fetal heart was “peculiar in form, being much flattened, and scarcely exhibiting the appearance of an apex.” Pouchet and Beauregard ( 1889, 1892) called attention to the completion of an arterial circle on the ventral surface of the cardiac infundibulum in two young whales (Balaenoptera musculus and rostrata). These authors also noted anastomoses between the marginal arteries and the ventral interventricular arteries in both specimens. White and Kerr (’15-27) examined the coronary vessels in the heart of an adult sperm whale, but found no evidence of coronary artery disease. Walmsley (‘38) exposed and measured the outside diameters of the coronary arteries in a 320 pound heart of an adult female fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). He also gave an excellent description of the heart and coronary circulation in a fin whale fetus with a body length of 143 cm. Walmsley stated that the “coronary veins have the usual mammalian distribution although they are typical of the cetacean venous system in that multiple channels replace veins which are single in most mammals.’’ Race, Edwards, Halden, Wilson and Luibe1 (’59) recently completed a study on the aorta, coronary arteries, venous drainage, and cardiac muscle fibers in a 256-pound heart of an adult male sperm whale (Physeter catodon). They also studied the heart of a sperm whale fetus with a body length of 2.1 meters. These authors measured the adult heart and coronary circulation and graphically illustrated their results. Although they observed large, multiple anastomoses between the left and right coronary arteries, they stated they “found no evidence of atherosclerosis or calcification in any arteries.” The cardiac conduction system of the whale has been examined morphologically by several investigations (White and Kerr, ’15-77; Ogata, ’17; Ogata and Sassa, ’19; Walmsley, ’38; Race et al., ’59; Truex, ’61). Electrocardiograms have been recorded from the live Beluga, fin, gray, and pilot whales (King, Jenks and White, ’53; White, King and Jenks, ’53; Kanwisher and Senft, ’60; Nolan and Truex, unpublished data). For physiological experiments on smaller aquatic mammals the reader is referred to the interesting papers of Irving (’39), Scholander (’4O), Scholander and Irving (’41), and Irving, Scholander and Grinnell (’41). The above anatomical and pathologic investigations on the whale heart and coronary circulation were of necessity based