Seasonal plasticity in anti‐predatory strategies: Matching of color and color preference for effective crypsis
Seasonal plasticity in anti‐predatory strategies: Matching of color and color preference for effective crypsis
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反掠夺策略中的季节性可塑性：颜色和颜色偏好的匹配以实现有效的隐秘
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Beldade
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. van Bergen;P. Beldade
有效的反捕食策略通常需要匹配猎物的外观和行为，并且有许多令人信服的行为库例子可以增强形态防御的有效性。当预测未来捕食风险的发育环境条件诱导成虫的保护性形态时，成虫的行为应相应调整，以最大限度地避免捕食者。虽然行为通常受到成人环境的强烈影响，但成人行为的发育可塑性（由影响形态的相同的成年前环境线索介导）可以确保反掠夺形态和行为之间的有效匹配。对于暴露于可预测的环境波动（例如季节性）的人群来说，环境引起的反应的协调可能尤其重要。在这里，我们研究了生命早期和晚期环境对一系列特征的影响，这些特征预计将共同作用以实现有效的隐秘。我们重点研究了 Bicyclus anynana 的翅膀颜色和背景颜色偏好，这是一种发育可塑性模型，依赖隐秘作为躲避捕食者的季节性策略。使用全因子设计，我们消除了发育和成人环境温度对外观和行为的影响。我们发现，发育条件会影响成虫的颜色和颜色偏好，模拟自然旱季条件的温度会导致棕色蝴蝶偏爱棕色背景的栖息。这种效应在雌性中更为强烈，尤其是在较低的环境温度下测试蝴蝶时。与静止不动会增强隐秘性的预期相反，我们的假设是棕色的旱季蝴蝶会不那么活跃，但没有发现任何支持。我们认为，形态和行为特征的发育可塑性的整合可能会提高季节性反掠夺策略的有效性。影响摘要 为了避免捕食，猎物依靠通常包括多种形态和行为特征的策略来欺骗或吓唬捕食者。虽然一些保护性特征是猎物物种的固有特性（例如刺猬刺），但其他特征只有在遇到捕食者的风险很高时才会产生。例如，当接触到捕食者存在的信号时，甲壳类水蚤会长出保护性的“头盔”和刺。当反捕食者形态是环境诱导的或可塑的时，相关行为特征的反应也应该依赖于环境，以确保动物表现出与其外观相匹配的行为。我们使用热带蝴蝶Bicyclus anynana（斜视灌木棕）来研究这些协调反应。在其自然栖息地，随着干季和湿季的交替，这种热塑蝴蝶在不同季节的形态之间交替，具有独特的翅膀颜色图案，与避免捕食的不同策略相关。旱季个体在较冷的温度下发育，翅膀上有小图案元素，在干燥树叶的棕色背景下显得神秘。相比之下，雨季个体具有较大的装饰图案元素，可以将捕食者的攻击转移到翅膀边缘并远离其脆弱的身体。我们测试了旱季凉爽的气温是否也影响了其他可能提高伪装效果的特征。特别是，我们发现装饰颜色（外观）和静止背景颜色（行为）的选择都受到发育过程中经历的温度的影响。我们发现，旱季温度导致蝴蝶呈棕色，更倾向于在棕色背景上休息。虽然行为相对于成人环境的变化通常非常灵活，但成人行为的发展“印记”可以帮助确保神秘外观和背景选择行为之间的有效匹配。
Effective anti-predatory strategies typically require matching appearance and behavior in prey, and there are many compelling examples of behavioral repertoires that enhance the effectiveness of morphological defenses. When protective adult morphology is induced by developmental environmental conditions predictive of future predation risk, adult behavior should be adjusted accordingly to maximize predator avoidance. While behavior is typically strongly affected by the adult environment, developmental plasticity in adult behavior — mediated by the same pre-adult environmental cues that affect morphology — could ensure an effective match between anti-predatory morphology and behavior. The coordination of environmentally-induced responses may be especially important in populations exposed to predictable environmental fluctuations (e.g. seasonality). Here, we studied early and late life environmental effects on a suite of traits expected to work together for effective crypsis. We focused on wing color and background color preference in Bicyclus anynana, a model of developmental plasticity that relies on crypsis as a seasonal strategy for predator avoidance. Using a full-factorial design, we disentangled effects of developmental and adult ambient temperature on both appearance and behavior. We showed that developmental conditions affect both adult color and color preference, with temperatures that simulate natural dry season conditions leading to browner butterflies with a perching preference for brown backgrounds. This effect was stronger in females, especially when butterflies were tested at lower ambient temperatures. In contrast to the expectation that motionlessness enhances crypsis, we found no support for our hypothesis that the browner dry-season butterflies would be less active. We argue that the integration of developmental plasticity for morphological and behavioral traits might improve the effectiveness of seasonal anti-predatory strategies. IMPACT SUMMARY To avoid predation, prey rely on strategies that typically include a variety of morphological and behavioral characteristics working together to deceive or scare predators. While some protective traits are a constitutive property of the prey species (e.g. hedgehog spines), others are produced only when the risk of encountering predators is high. For example, Daphnia crustaceans develop protective ‘helmets’ and spines when exposed to cues that signal predator presence. When anti-predator morphologies are environmentally-induced, or plastic, the responses of associated behavioral traits should also be environmentally-dependent to ensure that animals exhibit behavioral repertoires that match their appearance. We used the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana, the squinting bush brown, to study these coordinated responses. In its natural habitat, with alternating dry and wet seasons, this thermally plastic butterfly alternates between seasonal forms with distinct wing color patterns related to distinct strategies to avoid predation. Dry season individuals, which develop under cooler temperatures, have small pattern elements on their wings and are cryptic against the brown background of dry foliage. In contrast, wet season individuals have large ornamental pattern elements that deflect attacks from predators towards the wing margin and away from their vulnerable bodies. We tested whether the cooler temperatures of the dry season also influenced other traits that can presumably improve the effectiveness of camouflage. In particular, we found that both the ornamental colors (appearance) and the choice of resting background colors (behavior) were affected by the temperature experienced during development. We found that dry season temperatures lead to browner butterflies with a stronger preference to rest on brown backgrounds. While behavior is typically very flexible in relation to changes in the adult environment, a developmental ‘imprint’ on adult behavior can help ensure an effective match between the cryptic appearance and background choice behavior.
蜕皮类固醇控制天蛾变态过程中眼睛发育的两个阶段。
DOI：
10.1242/dev.125.11.2009
发表时间：
1998
期刊：
Development (Cambridge, England)
影响因子：
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作者：
Champlin,DT;Truman,JW
通讯作者：
Truman,JW