Widespread Occurrence of Bisphenol A in Paper and Paper Products: Implications for Human Exposure
Widespread Occurrence of Bisphenol A in Paper and Paper Products: Implications for Human Exposure
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DOI：
10.1021/es202507f
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发表时间：
2011-11-01
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Kannan, Kurunthachalam
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Liao, Chunyang;Kannan, Kurunthachalam
双酚A（BPA）用于各种消费品，包括一些纸制品，特别是热敏收据纸，它被用作彩色显影剂。然而，人们对BPA污染的程度或人类因接触纸张和纸制品而接触BPA的程度知之甚少。在这项研究中，BPA的浓度在15种类型的纸制品（n = 202），包括热收据，传单，杂志，门票，邮寄信封，报纸，食品接触纸，食品纸箱，飞机登机牌，行李标签，打印纸，名片，餐巾纸，纸巾和卫生纸，从美国的几个城市收集。还从日本、韩国和越南收集了热收据纸。在94%的热敏收据纸（n = 103）中发现BPA，浓度范围从低于定量限（LOQ，1 ng/g）到13.9 mg/g（几何平均值：0.211 mg/g）。大多数（81%）其他纸制品（n = 99）的浓度范围为低于LOQ至14.4 μ g/g（几何平均值：0.016 μ g/g）。热敏收据纸含有最高浓度的BPA（毫克/克），而一些纸制品，包括餐巾纸和卫生纸，由再生纸制成，含有微克/克浓度的BPA。纸张回收过程中的污染是纸制品中BPA的来源。通过皮肤吸收的BPA每日摄入量（DI）是根据测量的BPA浓度和纸制品的处理频率估计的。一般人群和职业暴露个体通过处理纸张经皮肤吸收的BPA每日摄入量（根据中位浓度计算）分别为17.5和1300 ng/天;与通过饮食暴露相比，这些数值较小。在纸制品中，热敏收据纸占大多数（>98%）。
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in a variety of consumer products, including some paper products, particularly thermal receipt papers, for which it is used as a color developer. Nevertheless, little is known about the magnitude of BPA contamination or human exposure to BPA as a result of contact with paper and paper products. In this study, concentrations of BPA were determined in 15 types of paper products (n = 202), including thermal receipts, flyers, magazines, tickets, mailing envelopes, newspapers, food contact papers, food cartons, airplane boarding passes, luggage tags, printing papers, business cards, napkins, paper towels, and toilet paper, collected from several cities in the USA. Thermal receipt papers also were collected from Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. BPA was found in 94% of thermal receipt papers (n = 103) at concentrations ranging from below the limit of quantitation (LOQ, 1 ng/g) to 13.9 mg/g (geometric mean: 0.211 mg/g). The majority (81%) of other paper products (n = 99) contained concentrations ranging from below the LOQ to 14.4 mu g/g (geometric mean: 0.016 mu g/g). Whereas thermal receipt papers contained the highest concentrations of BPA (milligram-per-gram), some paper products, including napkins and toilet paper, made from recycled papers contained microgram-per-gram concentrations of BPA. Contamination during the paper recycling process is a source of BPA in paper products. Daily intake (DI) of BPA through dermal absorption was estimated based on the measured BPA concentrations and handling frequency of paper products. The daily intake of BPA (calculated from median concentrations) through dermal absorption from handling of papers was 17.5 and 1300 ng/day for the general population and occupationally exposed individuals, respectively; these values are minor compared with exposure through diet. Among paper products, thermal receipt papers contributed to the majority (>98%) of the exposures.