Distributed under Creative Commons Cc-by 4.0 the Unnatural History of K¯ Ane'ohe Bay: Coral Reef Resilience in the Face of Centuries of Anthropogenic Impacts
Distributed under Creative Commons Cc-by 4.0 the Unnatural History of K¯ Ane'ohe Bay: Coral Reef Resilience in the Face of Centuries of Anthropogenic Impacts
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根据 Creative Commons Cc-by 4.0 分发 K´ Aneohe 湾的非自然历史：面对几个世纪的人为影响的珊瑚礁恢复力
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通讯作者：
R. Toonen
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作者：
K. Bahr;John F. Bruno;P. Jokiel;R. Toonen
卡瓦内湾位于夏威夷奥胡岛东北海岸，是世界上研究最深入的河口珊瑚礁生态系统之一。尽管有很长的人为干扰历史，从早期的定居到欧洲接触后，凯恩奥赫湾的珊瑚礁生态系统似乎比世界各地的其他珊瑚礁状况更好。1947年，海湾南部的Moku o Lo‘e岛(椰子岛)成为夏威夷海洋生物研究所的所在地，研究人员在那里记录了这个珊瑚礁生态系统独特的物理、化学和生物特征的各个方面。航行中的波利尼西亚人第一次与人类接触至少发生在700年前。到公元1250年，波利尼西亚航海者在该地区定居了可居住的岛屿，这导致了集约农业、鱼塘和海洋资源系统的发展，养活了大量人口。人为干扰最初包括开垦土地用于农业，有意或无意地引进外来物种，改造溪流以供应香芋养殖的水，以及在用于香芋养殖的山谷中建造大规模的海岸线鱼塘围栏和大片梯田。1778年第一批欧洲人的到来导致了植物和动物的进一步引入，从根本上改变了这里的景观。后来种植园农业系统的发展导致了更多的人口移民、人口增长和结束了传统的土地和水管理做法。由于大规模的疏浚和填埋作业以及人口的快速增长，珊瑚礁遭到了破坏，这导致了分水岭的大规模城市化。到了20世纪60年代的S，随着污水排放量的增加，以及由于分级措施不当和河道改道而导致的泥沙淤积增加，该海湾受到了严重影响，导致珊瑚礁覆盖范围的广泛丧失。Kane‘ohe湾的生物礁是在河口条件下发育的，因此受到了多种自然应力。这些问题包括风暴洪水、比更多的大洋珊瑚礁更极端的温度范围、高沉积速率以及极低潮汐时的暴露。从分水岭带入海湾的有机物质的沉积和降解导致低pH条件，根据一些海洋酸化预测，海湾中不应该存在丰富的珊瑚礁。…导致全球气温上升
K¯ ane ' ohe Bay, which is located on the on the NE coast of O ' ahu, Hawai ' i, represents one of the most intensively studied estuarine coral reef ecosystems in the world. Despite a long history of anthropogenic disturbance, from early settlement to post European contact, the coral reef ecosystem of K¯ ane ' ohe Bay appears to be in better condition in comparison to other reefs around the world. The island of Moku o Lo ' e (Coconut Island) in the southern region of the bay became home to the Hawai ' i Institute of Marine Biology in 1947, where researchers have since documented the various aspects of the unique physical, chemical, and biological features of this coral reef ecosystem. The first human contact by voyaging Polynesians occurred at least 700 years ago. By A.D. 1250 Polynesians voyagers had settled inhabitable islands in the region which led to development of an intensive agricultural, fish pond and ocean resource system that supported a large human population. Anthropogenic disturbance initially involved clearing of land for agriculture, intentional or accidental introduction of alien species, modification of streams to supply water for taro culture, and construction of massive shoreline fish pond enclosures and extensive terraces in the valleys that were used for taro culture. The arrival by the first Europeans in 1778 led to further introductions of plants and animals that radically changed the landscape. Subsequent development of a plantation agricultural system led to increased human immigration, population growth and an end to traditional land and water management practices. The reefs were devastated by extensive dredge and fill operations as well as rapid growth of human population, which led to extensive urbanization of the watershed. By the 1960's the bay was severely impacted by increased sewage discharge along with increased sedimentation due to improper grading practices and stream channelization, resulting in extensive loss of coral cover. The reefs of K¯ ane ' ohe Bay developed under estuarine conditions and thus have been subjected to multiple natural stresses. These include storm floods, a more extreme temperature range than more oceanic reefs, high rates of sedimentation, and exposure at extreme low tides. Deposition and degradation of organic materials carried into the bay from the watershed results in low pH conditions such that according to some ocean acidification projections the rich coral reefs in the bay should not exist. Increased global temperature due …