Long-term effects of land-use change on bird communities depend on spatial scale and land-use type
Long-term effects of land-use change on bird communities depend on spatial scale and land-use type
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DOI：
10.1002/ecs2.2952
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发表时间：
2019-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Harding, Bridget
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Allen, Daniel C.;Bateman, Heather L.;Harding, Bridget
土地利用转型是地球上最重要、最普遍的生态变化之一，但人们对其长期影响知之甚少。本文通过16年的研究，分析了城市和农业发展对鸟类生物多样性和群落结构的影响。研究发现，土地利用变化的长期效应依赖于空间尺度和土地利用类型。在区域尺度上，我们发现伽马多样性（观察到的物种总数）随着时间的推移下降了大约10%。在景观空间尺度上，我们发现β多样性（鸟类群落的独特性）随着时间的推移增加了约16%。此外，城市滨水鸟类群落对β多样性的平均贡献总体最高，但在研究期间下降了v26%。城市社区对beta多样性的贡献总体上最低，但随着时间的推移增加了近10%。在局部尺度上，我们观察到不同α多样性测量值的不同响应。鸟类物种丰富度随土地利用而变化。荒漠河岸地区的物种丰富度下降了16%，而城市和农业区的物种丰富度分别增加了21%和12%。物种均匀性在所有土地利用中都有所下降，其中一些土地利用的下降速度比其他土地利用更快。我们对具有某些共同特征的物种群体的分析表明，这些群落水平的变化是由小型物种驱动的，这些物种在现场繁殖，以昆虫、谷物和花蜜为食。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，与土地利用变化相关的生物多样性下降在区域和地方空间尺度上占主导地位，并且这些影响会随着时间的推移而增强或减弱。然而，与直觉相反的是，这些变化导致了景观尺度上生物多样性的增加，因为鸟类群落变得更加独特。这对保护和管理具有重要意义，因为它表明，根据所考虑的空间尺度，土地利用改变对生物多样性的影响可能是积极的，也可能是消极的。
Land-use transformation is one of the most important and pervasive ecological changes occurring across the Earth, but its long-term effects are poorly understood. Here, we analyze the effects of urban and agriculture development on bird biodiversity and community structure over a 16-yr study period. We found that long-term effects of land-use change are dependent on spatial scale and land-use type. At the regional scale, we found that gamma diversity (total number of species observed) declined by similar to 10% over time. At the landscape spatial scale, we found that beta diversity (uniqueness of bird communities) increased by similar to 16% over time. Additionally, the average contributions of urban riparian bird communities to beta diversity were generally the highest but declined by v26% over the study period. Contributions of urban communities to beta diversity were generally the lowest but increased by similar to 10% over time. At the local scale, we observed different responses for different measures of alpha diversity. For bird species richness, temporal changes varied by land use. Species richness declined 16% at sites in desert riparian areas but increased by 21% and 12% at sites in urban and agricultural areas, respectively. Species evenness declined across all land uses, with some land uses experiencing more rapid declines than others. Our analysis of species groups that shared certain traits suggests that these community-level changes were driven by species that are small, breed onsite, and feed on insects, grains, and nectar. Collectively, our results suggest that biodiversity declines associated with land-use change predominate at the regional and local spatial scale, and that these effects can strengthen or weaken over time. However, these changes counterintuitively led to increases in biodiversity at the landscape scale, as bird communities became more unique. This has implications for conservation and management as it shows that the effects of land-use modification on biodiversity may be positive or negative depending on the spatial scale considered.