Intra-specific variation in social organization of gorillas: implications for their social evolution
Intra-specific variation in social organization of gorillas: implications for their social evolution
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大猩猩社会组织的种内变异：对其社会进化的影响
DOI：
10.1007/s10329-003-0049-5
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
A. Basabose
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Yamagiwa;John Kahekwa;A. Basabose
我们分析了大猩猩的社会组织和影响它们的生态和社会因素的种内变化，根据最近的数据，饮食，日行程长度，家庭范围大小，群体大小和多雄性群体的比例在三个亚种[西部低地大猩猩（WLG）;东部低地大猩猩（ELG）;山地大猩猩（MG）]。不同亚种和不同栖息地的大猩猩群体的平均规模相似，但包括超过30只大猩猩在内的超大群体只在有密集陆生草本植被的栖息地发现。在林下植物稀少的低地生境中，群体内竞争可能决定了食果类WLGs和ELGs群体大小的上限。食果性饮食可能是导致WLG和ELG多雄性群体亚群的原因，而食叶性饮食可能会阻止MG多雄性群体亚群。社会因素，而不是生态因素，可能在多男性群体的形成和他们的凝聚力在MG中发挥了重要作用。高群居的女性大猩猩和他们长期与男性保护者的解释是他们的脆弱性，以两种杀虫剂（MG）和捕食者（ELG）。长期的变化，在Kahuzi和MG的Virungas的ELG之间的组的组成和个人的运动的比较表明，发生的杀蚁剂可能会促进一个组内的亲属男性协会。杀蚊剂的威胁可能刺激MG雌性转移到多雄性群体中寻求可靠的保护，并刺激成熟MG雄性在成熟后留在其纳塔尔群体中。相比之下，如果不使用杀虫剂，则可能会促使土著群体的雌性在迁移时与婴儿和其他雌性联系，而土著群体的雄性则会通过从其纳塔尔群体中带走雌性、引诱邻近群体中的雌性或在领头雄性死亡后接管寡妇群体，从而在短期内建立大的群体。这些条件可能会阻止ELG和WLG成熟的男性留在他们的纳塔尔群体中繁殖，并可能导致在他们的栖息地很少发生多男性群体。MG和ELG女性的生殖功能相似，表明这两种女性策略在其进化历史中具有适应性。
We analysed intra-specific variation in the social organization of gorillas and ecological and social factors influencing them, based on recent data on diet, day journey length, home range size, group size and proportion of multi-male groups in three subspecies [western lowland gorillas (WLG); eastern lowland gorillas (ELG); mountain gorillas (MG)]. Median group size was similar across subspecies and across habitats, but the extraordinarily large group including >30 gorillas was only found in habitat with dense terrestrial herbaceous vegetation. Within-group competition may determine the upper limit of group size in frugivorous WLGs and ELGs in lowland habitats with scarce undergrowth. A frugivorous diet may be a causal factor of subgrouping in multi-male groups of WLGs and ELGs, while a folivorous diet may prevent subgrouping in multi-male groups of MGs. Social factors, rather than ecological factors, may play an important role in the formation of multi-male groups and their cohesiveness in MGs. High gregariousness of female gorillas and their prolonged association with a protector male are explained by their vulnerability to both infanticide (MGs) and predators (ELGs). Comparison of long-term changes in group composition and individual movements between ELGs in Kahuzi and MGs in the Virungas suggest that the occurrence of infanticide may promote kin-male association within a group. Threat of infanticide may stimulate MG females to transfer into multi-male groups to seek reliable protection and maturing MG males to stay in their natal groups after maturity. By contrast, the absence of infanticide may facilitate ELG females to associate with infants and other females at transfer and ELG males to establish large groups in a short period by taking females from their natal groups, by luring females from neighbouring groups, or by takeover of a widow group after the death of its leading male. These conditions may prevent ELG and WLG maturing males from remaining to reproduce in their natal groups and possibly result in a rare occurrence of multi-male groups in their habitats. Similar reproductive features of MG and ELG females suggest both female strategies have been adaptive in their evolutionary history.
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