What is the cultural value of dying in an era of assisted dying?

What is the cultural value of dying in an era of assisted dying?
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在辅助死亡时代,死亡的文化价值是什么?

DOI:
10.1136/medhum-2018-011621
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发表时间:
2021
期刊:
影响因子:
1.2
通讯作者:
Richards N
Richards N
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Richards N

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安乐死现在是许多社会‘死亡系统’的一个合法和不可或缺的组成部分,面向个人和集体与死亡和死亡的遭遇。虽然在这些社会中,只有极少数身患绝症的人会选择辅助死亡,但符合法律标准的人仍然可以选择。理论上,在这些司法管辖区,死亡变成了人类生命周期中可选的一部分;生命的最后阶段,直到现在,似乎是生命的普遍特征,除了猝死的情况。作为专门研究死亡和死亡的人类学家,我们提出了一个问题:自20世纪中期以来,在后工业化的西方社会中,寻求赋予死亡意义的各种文化剧本,可能会如何受到协助死亡的到来的影响。我们首先建立在医学和社会科学文献的基础上,构建一个有效的‘死亡’定义。然后,我们确定了四个主要的文化剧本:心理成长、为死亡做准备、痛苦经历和关怀经历。在概述了每个剧本之后,我们讨论了它可能(或可能不会)受到辅助死亡立法增加的影响。我们认为,受影响最大的是“关爱”剧本,即通过照顾生命中最后几个月或最后几周的经历而建立的情感、代际纽带的概念。然而,我们发现,获得这些文化剧本的机会已经受到限制,因为人们普遍不愿承认和命名“死亡”,以及这样做的挑战。因此,我们确认的各种文化剧本并不是因为协助死亡的增加而被否定,而是被医学进步和制度正统的结合所否定,这些传统限制了人们将自己或他人体验为“死亡”的机会。
Assisted dying is now a lawful and integral component of many societies ‘death system’, orienting individual and collective encounters with death and dying. While only a very small number of people living with terminal illness in these societies will opt for an assisted death, the choice, nevertheless, exists for those who satisfy the legal criteria. Theoretically, in these jurisdictions, this turns dying into an optional part of the human life cycle; a final phase of life that, until now, seemed a universal feature of life except in instances of sudden death. As anthropologists specialising in death and dying, we pose the question of how the various cultural scripts that have sought to give meaning to dying in post-industrial Western societies since the mid-20th century might be affected by the advent of assisted dying. We begin by building on both medical and social science literature to construct a working definition of ‘dying’. We then identify four dominant cultural scripts: psychological growth, preparation for death, the suffering experience and the caring experience. After outlining each script, we discuss how it may (or may not) be affected by the increase in assisted dying legislation. We propose that it is the ‘caring’ script; the notion of affective, intergenerational bonds created through the experience of caring for people specifically in the last few months or weeks of their life, which are likely to be most affected. However, we find that access to these cultural scripts is already limited because of the widespread reluctance to recognise and name ‘dying’, and the challenges of doing so. Consequently, the various cultural scripts we identify are negated not by the increase in assisted dying, but rather by a combination of medical advances and institutional orthodoxies which limit opportunity for people to experience themselves, or others, as ‘dying’.
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