Mapping innate and adaptive immune function in arbovirus infections.
Mapping innate and adaptive immune function in arbovirus infections.
复制标题
绘制虫媒病毒感染中的先天和适应性免疫功能。
作者：
Altmann DM
免疫学家研究领域令人兴奋的一件事是，临床挑战是一个快速变化的目标。方法论、范例、疾病过程，甚至是我们今天的研究计划和工作中的病原体，在十年前可能对我们来说都是未知的。对于那些对新发传染病的免疫学感兴趣的人来说，这是显而易见的：人类迁移和旅行模式的变化、新的人畜共患病事件和改进的分子诊断确保我们每隔几年就会意识到雷达上新的微生物威胁。近年来，埃博拉病毒、SARS病毒、中东呼吸综合征病毒、基孔肯雅病毒和寨卡病毒等病毒的爆发日益引起人们的关注。宿主防御新出现病原体的基本免疫学一直是免疫学关注的一个关键领域，正如本期的评论文章和其他一些最近的贡献所表明的那样。作为免疫学家，我们熟悉宿主-病毒相互作用的术语，并准备部署工具包来定义关键的免疫原性靶点，特定免疫亚群和抗体中和的关键作用：高通量病原体测序，重组抗原，表位表征，动物攻击和保护研究，重组病毒疫苗。在这一过程中，从测序过渡到候选免疫原的计算机预测工具发挥了重要作用。从新描述的病原体到候选疫苗试验的途径从未如此迅速。然而，每一个新描述的感染队列都为揭示先天机制和适应性机制的差异贡献提供了新的挑战，尤其是那些可能直接或通过免疫病理附带损伤诱导病理的病毒。
One of the exciting things about the immunologist’s research landscape is that the clinical challenges pose such a rapidly moving target. The methodologies, paradigms, disease processes and even the pathogens that populate our research proposals and working lives today may often have been unknown to us a decade ago. This is patently evident for those interested in the immunology of emerging infectious diseases: changing patterns of human migration and travel, new zoonotic events and improved molecular diagnostics ensure that every few years we become aware of a new microbial threat on the radar. Among those that have attained increased prominence due to outbreaks in recent years are Ebola, SARS, MERS, Chikungunya and Zika viruses. The basic immunology of host defence against emerging pathogens has been a key area of focus at Immunology, as indicated by review articles in this issue and a number of other recent contributions.As immunologists we are familiar with the terms of engagement for host–viral interactions, and ready to deploy the toolkit to define the key immunogenic targets, the key roles of specific immune subsets and of antibody neutralization: high-throughput pathogen sequencing, recombinant antigens, epitope characterization, animal challenge and protection studies, recombinant viral vaccines. In silico predictive tools to transition from sequencing to candidate immunogens have come to play an important role in this process. 1 The pathway from newly described pathogen to trial of vaccine candidates has never felt so rapid. Nevertheless, each newly described infection cohort offers new challenges in unravelling the differential contributions of innate and adaptive mechanisms, all the more so for viruses that may induce pathology both directly and through the collateral damage of immunopathology.