Conceptual distinctions amongst generics
Conceptual distinctions amongst generics
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泛型之间的概念区别
DOI：
10.1016/j.cognition.2012.11.010
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
S. Glucksberg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Prasada;Sangeet S. Khemlani;S. Leslie;S. Glucksberg
一般句子（例如，例如“狗有四条腿”和“蚊子携带疟疾”等简单的复数句）被用来谈论各种事情。三个实验调查的概念基础的仿制药，以及索赔的正式语义方法，仿制药的流行，线索有效性和正常性许可仿制药的作用。两个类的类属句，提出了挑战的概念为基础的和正式的语义方法来泛型进行了研究。引人注目的属性泛型（例如“鲨鱼咬游泳者”）是真实的，即使只有极少数的实例具有属性，因此对定量方法造成明显的问题，而且它们似乎也没有根据先前研究中调查的原则或统计联系来表征种类（Prasada &迪灵厄姆，2006，2009）。第二类--少数特征类属（例如“鸭子下蛋”）--也给数量化账户带来严重问题，而且似乎涉及原则性联系，尽管只有不到一半的实例具有相关属性。实验揭示了三个主要发现：第一，引人注目的泛型既不涉及原则性的联系，也不涉及统计学的联系。相反，它们涉及种类和属性之间的因果关系。其次，少数特征泛型表现出原则性连接的特征，这表明原则性连接许可大多数实例将具有属性的期望，但不需要它。最后，实验还提供了证据，证明泛型的流行性和可接受性可能是分离的，并提供了数据，这是有问题的常态方法泛型，以及暗示有效性许可低流行仿制药的想法。因此，这些研究提供了支持基于概念的方法来研究泛型语义的证据（Leslie，2007，2008;另见Carlson，2009）。
Generic sentences (e.g., bare plural sentences such as “dogs have four legs” and “mosquitoes carry malaria”) are used to talk about kinds of things. Three experiments investigated the conceptual foundations of generics as well as claims within the formal semantic approaches to generics concerning the roles of prevalence, cue validity and normalcy in licensing generics. Two classes of generic sentences that pose challenges to both the conceptually based and formal semantic approaches to generics were investigated. Striking property generics (e.g. “sharks bite swimmers”) are true even though only a tiny minority of instances have the property and thus pose obvious problems for quantificational approaches, and they also do not seem to characterize kinds in terms of the principled or statistical connections investigated in previous research (Prasada & Dillingham, 2006, 2009). The second class —minority characteristic generics (e.g. “ducks lay eggs”) — also poses serious problems for quantificational accounts, and appears to involve principled connections even though fewer than half of its instances have the relevant property. The experiments revealed three principal discoveries: first, striking generics involve neither principled nor statistical connections. Instead, they involve a causal connection between a kind and a property. Second, minority characteristic generics exhibit the characteristics of principled connections, which suggests that principled connections license the expectation that most instances will have the property, but do not require it. Finally, the experiments also provided evidence that prevalence and the acceptability of generics may be dissociated and provided data that are problematic for normalcy approaches to generics, and for the idea that cue validity licenses low prevalence generics. As such, the studies provided evidence in favor of a conceptually based approach to the semantics of generics (Leslie, 2007, 2008; see also Carlson, 2009).
DOI：
10.1037//0096-3445.126.2.99
发表时间：
1997-06
期刊：
Journal of experimental psychology. General
影响因子：
--
作者：
K. McRae;V. D. de Sa;Mark S. Seidenberg
通讯作者：
K. McRae;V. D. de Sa;Mark S. Seidenberg