Positive and Negative Obligations
Positive and Negative Obligations
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积极和消极义务
DOI：
10.1093/law/9780199640133.003.0025
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Gould
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dinah L. Shelton;A. Gould
本文探讨了国际人权法中积极义务和消极义务的发展。它分析了有关这些义务的文本基础和判例，并审议了应有注意的谨慎标准问题。报告讨论了尽责是如何与确保或确保人权得到保障的积极义务同时出现并作为判断国家遵守情况的标准的，并预测积极义务、消极义务和尽责可能进一步发展成为有效和详细的法律的标准，保护个人的人权不受侵犯，无论是国家行为者还是非国家行为者的侵犯。
This article examines the development of positive and negative obligations in international human rights law. It analyses the textual bases and jurisprudence regarding these obligations and considers the issue of due diligence standard of care. It discusses how due diligence emerged alongside and as the standard for judging state compliance with positive obligations to ensure or secure guaranteed human rights and predicts that positive obligations, negative obligations and due diligence may further develop into effective and detailed legal standards that protect individuals from human rights violations, whether committed by state or non-state actors.