Concentrations, enrichment and predominant sources of Sb and other trace elements in size classified airborne particulate matter collected in Tokyo from 1995 to 2004
Concentrations, enrichment and predominant sources of Sb and other trace elements in size classified airborne particulate matter collected in Tokyo from 1995 to 2004
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DOI：
10.1039/b513988k
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Sato, K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Furuta, N;Iijima, A;Sato, K
本研究自1995年5月开始收集APM，并对颗粒物中存在的微量元素进行了监测。使用安德森低容量空气采样器，在日本东京中央大学理工学院校园内的大学建筑物屋顶（离地面45 m）上，按尺寸（d < 2 μ m、2-11 μ m和> 11 μ m）分别采集APM样品。采用微波消解法，用HNO 3、H2 O2和HF对样品进行消解，用ICP-AES法测定了样品中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Fe等微量元素的含量，（Li，Be，Ti，V，Cr，Mn，Co，Ni，Cu，Zn，As，Se，Mo，Cd，Sb，结果表明，在冬季和春季，APM的浓度高于夏季。计算每组APM（d < 2 μ m、2-11 μ m和> 11 μ m）中每种元素的富集因子。分析了富集因子的季节变化趋势，并根据常见的季节行为将元素分为3类。同一组中的元素可能有共同的起源。有毒污染元素（Sb、Se、Cd、Pb和As）在d < 2 μ m的小颗粒物中浓度较高。锑（Sb）的富集系数最高，说明APM中Sb含量极高。锑的来源，并从塑料焚烧和汽车刹车片磨损的废物被怀疑。根据形状对每组APM（d < 2 μ m、2-11 μ m和> 11 μ m）进行分类，并通过SEM-EDX定量测量单个APM颗粒的形状依赖性组分。在< 2 μ m的APM和方形颗粒中发现了高浓度的Sb。实际汽车制动试验中产生的颗粒主要为小于2 mm的颗粒和方形颗粒。从这些实验结果可以得出结论，锑的来源，在平方APM < 2 μ m被认为是从刹车片磨损。
APM was collected and trace elements existing in the particles were monitored since May 1995 in this study. APM sample was collected separately by size ( d < 2 mu m, 2-11 mu m and > 11 mu m) on the roof of the university building ( 45 m above ground) in the campus of Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, using an Anderson low volume air sampler. The collected sample was digested by HNO3, H2O2 and HF using a microwave oven, and major elements ( Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca and Fe) were measured by ICP-AES, and trace elements ( Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba and Pb) were measured by ICP-MS. It was observed that the APM concentration was higher between the winter and the spring, compared to during the summer. The enrichment factor was calculated for each element in each set of APM ( d < 2 mu m, 2-11 mu m and > 11 mu m). Seasonal trends of enrichment factors were examined, and the elements were classified into 3 groups according to the common seasonal behavior. It is likely that the elements in the same group have common origins. Toxic pollutant elements ( Sb, Se, Cd, Pb and As) were found in small particles with d of < 2 mu m in concentrated levels. Antimony ( Sb) had the highest enrichment factor, and the results suggested that Sb level in APM was extremely high. The origins of Sb were sought, and wastes from plastic incineration and brake pad wears of automobiles were suspected. Each set of APM ( d < 2 mu m, 2-11 mu m and > 11 mu m) was classified by the shape, and the shape-dependent constituents of a single APM particle were quantitatively measured by SEM-EDX. High concentration of Sb was found in APM < 2 mu m and square particles. Particles less than 2 mm and square shaped particles were major particles produced by actual car braking experiments. From these experimental results it was concluded that the source of Sb in squared APM < 2 mu m is considered to be from brake pad wear.