Evolutionary biomechanics: hard tissues and soft evidence?
Evolutionary biomechanics: hard tissues and soft evidence?
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2020.2809
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发表时间：
2021-02-24
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bates KT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Broyde S;Dempsey M;Wang L;Cox PG;Fagan M;Bates KT
生物力学模型是量化灭绝动物功能表现演变的有力工具，以了解关键的解剖学创新和驱动主要进化辐射的选择压力。然而，化石记录主要由坚硬的部分组成，迫使古生物学家在这样的模型中重建软组织属性。这些重建方法很少在现存的动物上得到验证，尽管软组织特性是功能性能的高度决定因素。因此，软组织重建和生物力学模型在多大程度上准确地预测宏观进化研究中的定量甚至定性模式是未知的。在这里，我们模拟了现存啮齿动物的咀嚼系统，以客观地测试当前肌肉重建方法正确识别宏观进化形态类型之间的数量和质量差异的能力。使用测量的软组织特性生成的基线模型在现存的坐骨神经畸形啮齿动物、肌肉畸形啮齿动物和高畸形啮齿动物之间的肌肉比例、咬合力和预期的骨应力方面存在差异。然而，使用化石研究中通常使用的重建方法生成的模型的预测差异很大，从高水平的定量准确性到未能正确地捕捉到宏观进化形态类型之间的相对差异。我们新颖的实验强调，使用目前的方法，正确重建宏观进化辐射中分类群之间的即使是质量差异也是具有挑战性的。未来对化石类群的研究应将对重建误差的系统评估纳入其假设检验中，此外，还应寻求扩大现有类群肌肉属性的原始数据集，以便在宏观进化研究中更好地为软组织重建提供信息。
Biomechanical modelling is a powerful tool for quantifying the evolution of functional performance in extinct animals to understand key anatomical innovations and selective pressures driving major evolutionary radiations. However, the fossil record is composed predominantly of hard parts, forcing palaeontologists to reconstruct soft tissue properties in such models. Rarely are these reconstruction approaches validated on extant animals, despite soft tissue properties being highly determinant of functional performance. The extent to which soft tissue reconstructions and biomechanical models accurately predict quantitative or even qualitative patterns in macroevolutionary studies is therefore unknown. Here, we modelled the masticatory system in extant rodents to objectively test the ability of current muscle reconstruction methods to correctly identify quantitative and qualitative differences between macroevolutionary morphotypes. Baseline models generated using measured soft tissue properties yielded differences in muscle proportions, bite force, and bone stress expected between extant sciuromorph, myomorph, and hystricomorph rodents. However, predictions from models generated using reconstruction methods typically used in fossil studies varied widely from high levels of quantitative accuracy to a failure to correctly capture even relative differences between macroevolutionary morphotypes. Our novel experiment emphasizes that correctly reconstructing even qualitative differences between taxa in a macroevolutionary radiation is challenging using current methods. Future studies of fossil taxa should incorporate systematic assessments of reconstruction error into their hypothesis testing and, moreover, seek to expand primary datasets on muscle properties in extant taxa to better inform soft tissue reconstructions in macroevolutionary studies.
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