Justifying anti-doping: The fair opportunity principle and the biology of performance enhancement
Justifying anti-doping: The fair opportunity principle and the biology of performance enhancement
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DOI：
10.1080/17461391.2011.566374
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发表时间：
2012-01-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Hoppeler, Hans
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Loland, Sigmund;Hoppeler, Hans
兴奋剂是一个复杂的道德和科学困境，其预防导致世界反兴奋剂机构（WADA）在全球范围内实施成本高昂但不够完善的控制系统。对于考虑列入世界反兴奋剂机构禁用清单的物质或方法，必须满足三个标准：（1）该物质或方法具有增强或增强运动表现的潜力； (2) 使用该物质或方法对运动员构成实际或潜在的健康风险； （三）使用物质或者方法违反“体育精神”的。 “体育精神”被定义为“人类精神、身体和心灵的庆典”，并参考一系列理想价值观进行解释：道德、公平竞争和诚实；健康;卓越的表现；品格和教育；乐趣和享受；团队合作；奉献精神和承诺；尊重规则和法律；尊重自己和其他参与者；勇气;社区和团结。这些价值观不适合进行清晰的解释，并且对于在具体案例中划出明确的界限几乎没有帮助。提出了如何结合公平机会原则和对由于系统利用人体有机体表型可塑性而产生的运动表现的生物学和进化理解的结合，更准确地解释“体育精神”。争论的焦点是，这种理解大大提高了在兴奋剂问题上划清界限的可能性。
Doping is a complex moral and scientific dilemma and its prevention has led to a costly but less than perfect control system implemented worldwide by the World Anti-doping Agency (WADA). For a substance or method to be considered for the WADA Prohibited List, three criteria must be met: (1) the substance or method has the potential to enhance, or enhances, sport performance; (2) use of the substance or method represents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete; and (3) use of the substance or method violates the "spirit of sport". The "spirit of sport" is defined as "the celebration of the human spirit, body and mind" and explained with reference to a series of ideal values: ethics, fair play, and honesty; health; excellence in performance; character and education; fun and enjoyment; teamwork; dedication and commitment; respect for rules and laws; respect for self and other participants; courage; community and solidarity. These values do not lend themselves to clear-cut interpretation and are of little help in drawing unambiguous lines in concrete cases. A proposal is made of how to interpret the "spirit of sport" in more precise ways in terms of a combination of the fair opportunity principle and a biological and evolutionary understanding of athletic performance as a result of the systematic utilization of the phenotypic plasticity of the human organism. The argument is that such understanding improves significantly the possibilities for drawing of lines when it comes to doping issues.