Technology adoption under time-differentiated market-based instruments for pollution control
Technology adoption under time-differentiated market-based instruments for pollution control
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DOI：
10.1016/j.eneco.2016.09.019
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发表时间：
2016-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Webster, Mort
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Craig, Michael;McDonald-Buller, Elena;Webster, Mort
地面臭氧峰值浓度对全美数百万美国公民构成健康风险。为了降低臭氧峰值浓度，电力部门等的氮氧化物（NOx）排放已通过基于技术的标准进行监管，或者近年来更常见的是基于市场的工具（例如总量控制与交易计划）进行监管。然而，这些基于市场的工具的当前设计缺乏时间灵活性，限制了它们在预计污染水平最高的日子（包括氮氧化物等臭氧前体）的成本效益，并且随着寻求进一步减排，这些方法的边际成本急剧增加。在本文中，我们比较了三种减少高臭氧天氮氧化物排放的监管方案：时间差别定价，仅在高臭氧浓度天对氮氧化物排放定价；无差别定价，代表当前的氮氧化物排放法规；和基于技术的标准。我们开发了一种新颖的模型，通过重新调度和控制技术的采用，首次捕获发电机对动态定价方案（例如时间差异定价）的短期和长期响应。与之前关于时间差异定价的研究不同，我们模型的核心，单位承诺模型，考虑了发电的跨期约束，这对于准确捕获发电机对瞬态价格信号的响应可能至关重要。我们将此模型应用于德克萨斯州电力系统，发现虽然控制技术的采用（特别是选择性催化还原）确实以非常高的时间差异价格发生，但时间差异定价主要通过重新调度燃煤发电的天然气来影响排放和成本。此外，我们发现，时间差异定价由于其有针对性的定价机制，为减少高臭氧天的氮氧化物排放提供了比无差异定价或基于技术的标准更具成本效益的方法，但在减少夏季范围内的氮氧化物排放方面并不具有成本效益。我们的结果说明了这些监管方法之间的权衡，并建议各国应考虑动态定价方案，例如时间差异定价，以进一步降低臭氧峰值浓度。 (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. 保留所有权利。
Peak concentrations of ground-level ozone pose health risks to millions of U.S. citizens across the U.S. In order to reduce peak ozone concentrations, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from the power sector, among others, have been regulated with technology-based standards or, more commonly in recent years, market-based instruments such as cap-and-trade programs. However, the lack of temporal flexibility in current designs of these market based instruments limits their cost-effectiveness on days forecasted to have the highest levels of pollution, including ozone precursors such as NOx, and as further emission reductions are sought, the marginal cost of these approaches increases dramatically. In this paper, we compare three regulatory schemes for reducing NOx emissions on high-ozone days: time-differentiated pricing, which prices NOx emissions only on days with high-ozone concentrations; undifferentiated pricing, which represents current NOx emission regulations; and technology-based standards. We develop a novel model that captures for the first time both the short- and long-term response of generators, through redispatching and control technology adoption, to a dynamic pricing scheme such as time-differentiated pricing. Unlike prior studies on time-differentiated pricing, the heart of our model, a unit commitment model, accounts for inter-temporal constraints on power generation that may be crucial to accurately capturing the response of generators to a transient price signal. We apply this model to the Texas power system and find that while control technology adoption (specifically selective catalytic reduction) does occur at very high time-differentiated prices, time-differentiated pricing mainly affects emissions and costs through redispatching of gas- for coal-fired generation. Furthermore, we show that time-differentiated pricing, due to its targeted pricing mechanism, provides a more cost-effective approach than undifferentiated pricing or technology-based standards for reducing NOx emissions on high-ozone days, but is not cost-effective at reducing summer-wide NOx emissions. Our results illustrate the trade-offs between these regulatory approaches and suggest that states should consider dynamic pricing schemes such as time-differentiated pricing for achieving further reductions in peak ozone concentrations. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.