Nrf2 signaling and cell survival.

Nrf2 signaling and cell survival.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.taap.2009.06.009
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发表时间:
2010-04-01
影响因子:
3.8
通讯作者:
Jaiswal AK
Jaiswal AK
中科院分区:
医学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Niture SK;Kaspar JW;Shen J;Jaiswal AK

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Nrf2:INrf2 充当氧化/亲电应激的传感器。 INrf2 作为适配器将 Nrf2 连接到泛素连接酶 Cul3-Rbx1 复合物,从而泛素化并降解 Nrf2。在基础条件下,胞质 INrf2/Cul3-Rbx1 不断降解 Nrf2。当细胞遇到压力时,Nrf2 会从 INrf2 上解离并转移到细胞核中。氧化/亲电子应激诱导的 INrf2Cysteine151 修饰和/或蛋白激酶 C (PKC) 介导的 Nrf2Serine40 磷酸化控制 Nrf2 从 INrf2 释放,随后实现 Nrf2 的稳定和核转位。 Nrf2 与抗氧化反应元件 (ARE) 结合并激活大量基因,保护细胞免受氧化/亲电应激和肿瘤形成。氧化/亲电应激的延迟反应会激活 GSK-3β,从而在未知的苏氨酸残基处磷酸化 Fyn。磷酸化的 Fyn 易位至细胞核并磷酸化 Nrf2 酪氨酸 568,从而导致 Nrf2 的核输出和降解。胸腺素-α 介导的 INrf2 核转位也会降解核 Nrf2。 Nrf2 在细胞质和核区室中的降解迅速使其水平降至正常,从而抑制 Nrf2 下游基因表达。 Nrf2 和 INrf2 之间的自动调节环控制着它们的细胞丰度。 Nrf2 通过控制 INrf2 的转录来调节 INrf2,INrf2 通过降解 Nrf2 来控制 Nrf2。总之,Nrf2的开启和关闭结合促进它们之间的自动调节循环调节防御基因的激活/失活,从而保护细胞免受氧化和亲电应激的不利影响并促进细胞存活。
Nrf2:INrf2 acts as a sensor for oxidative/electrophilic stress. INrf2 serves as an adaptor to link Nrf2 to the ubiquitin ligase Cul3-Rbx1 complex that ubiquitinate and degrade Nrf2. Under basal conditions, cytosolic INrf2/Cul3-Rbx1 is constantly degrading Nrf2. When a cell encounters stress Nrf2 dissociates from the INrf2 and translocates into the nucleus. Oxidative/electrophilic stress induced modification of INrf2Cysteine151 and/or protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosporylation of Nrf2Serine40 controls Nrf2 release from INrf2 followed by stabilization and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Nrf2 binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) and activates a myriad of genes that protect cells against oxidative/electrophilic stress and neoplasia. A delayed response of oxidative/electrophilic stress activates GSK-3β that phosphorylates Fyn at unknown threonine residue(s). Phosphorylated Fyn translocates to the nucleus and phosphorylates Nrf2Tyrosine568 that leads to nuclear export and degradation of Nrf2. Prothymosin-α mediated nuclear translocation of INrf2 also degrades nuclear Nrf2. The degradation of Nrf2 both in cytosol and nuclear compartments rapidly brings down its levels to normal resulting in suppression of Nrf2 downstream gene expression. An autoregulatory loop between Nrf2 and INrf2 controls their cellular abundance. Nrf2 regulates INrf2 by controlling its transcription, and INrf2 controls Nrf2 by degrading it. In conclusion, switching on and off of Nrf2 combined with promoting an autoregulatory loop between them regulates activation/deactivation of defensive genes leading to protection of cells against adverse effects of oxidative and electrophilic stress and promote cell survival.
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