The effectiveness of livestock protection measures against wolves (Canis lupus) and implications for their co-existence with humans
The effectiveness of livestock protection measures against wolves (Canis lupus) and implications for their co-existence with humans
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00868
复制
发表时间：
2020-03-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Khorozyan, Igor
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bruns, Antonia;Waltert, Matthias;Khorozyan, Igor
狼（Canis lupus）可以杀死家畜，导致与人类的激烈冲突。应减少对牲畜的损害，以促进人狼共存，并确保保护工作取得积极成果。目前对狼的牲畜保护措施的有效性的知识是有限的，分散在文献中。在这项研究中，我们编制了一个数据集的30个案例，描述了11种保护牛和小型牲畜免受狼的措施的应用，估计其有效性作为一个相对的损害风险，并确定了减少损害的最佳措施。我们发现：（1）致死控制和转移的效果不如其他措施，（2）威慑措施，特别是悬挂彩旗的围栏，比警卫犬更有效，（3）威慑、围栏、产犊控制和放牧都很有效，但后两种措施各只包括一例;（4）保护牛比保护小种群（绵羊和山羊，或只保护绵羊）和保护牛与小种群混合更有效。在所有这些情况下，损伤的相对风险降低了50- 100%。考虑到德国作为一个例子，一个国家的狼的人口和不断升级的人狼冲突，我们建议电围栏和电气化fladry作为最有前途的措施，在适当的条件下，可以伴随着训练有素的牲畜守卫狗，并在关键时期，如产犊和产羔季节暂时使用威慑。这一领域的进一步研究对于有效缓解人狼冲突至关重要。(C)2019年，任作家。由爱思唯尔公司出版
Wolves (Canis lupus) can kill domestic livestock resulting in intense conflicts with humans. Damage to livestock should be reduced to facilitate human-wolf coexistence and ensure positive outcomes of conservation efforts. Current knowledge on the effectiveness of livestock protection measures from wolves is limited and scattered in the literature. In this study, we compiled a dataset of 30 cases describing the application of 11 measures of protecting cattle and smaller livestock against wolves, estimated their effectiveness as a relative risk of damage, and identified the best measures for damage reduction. We found that: (1) lethal control and translocation were less effective than other measures, (2) deterrents, especially fladry which is a fence with ropes marked by hanging colored flags that sway in the wind and provide a visual warning signal, were more effective than guarding dogs; (3) deterrents, fencing, calving control and herding were very effective, but the last two measures included only one case each; and (4) protection of cattle was more effective than that of small stock (sheep and goats, or sheep only) and mixed cattle and small stock. In all of these cases, the relative risk of damage was reduced by 50-100%. Considering Germany as an example of a country with a recovering wolf population and escalating human-wolf conflicts, we suggest electric fences and electrified fladry as the most promising measures, which under suitable conditions can be accompanied by well-trained livestock guarding dogs, and the temporary use of deterrents during critical periods such as calving and lambing seasons. Further research in this field is of paramount importance to efficiently mitigate human-wolf conflicts. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.