The influence of small aerosol particles on the properties of water and ice clouds.
The influence of small aerosol particles on the properties of water and ice clouds.
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DOI：
10.1039/b702722m
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发表时间：
2008-10
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
T. Choularton;K. Bower;E. Weingartner;I. Crawford;H. Coe;Martin Gallagher;M. Flynn;J. Crosier;P. Connolly;A. Targino;M. Alfarra;U. Baltensperger;S. Sjogren;B. Verheggen;J. Cozic;M. Gysel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Choularton;K. Bower;E. Weingartner;I. Crawford;H. Coe;Martin Gallagher;M. Flynn;J. Crosier;P. Connolly;A. Targino;M. Alfarra;U. Baltensperger;S. Sjogren;B. Verheggen;J. Cozic;M. Gysel
本文介绍了含有有机物和烟灰的小颗粒对水和冰云形成的影响的结果。有强有力的证据表明这些颗粒是从石油产品燃烧产生的纳米颗粒种子中生长出来的。选择两个系列的现场实验来代表所做的观察。第一个是云气溶胶表征实验 (CLACE) 系列，在阿尔卑斯山高地 (Jungfraujoch) 进行，云与地面和测量站接触。在一年中的不同时间对水云和冰云进行了检查。第二系列实验是陆地和海洋区域空气污染平流云处理 (CLOPAP) 系列，其中从机载平台观察到来自英国城市的老化污染气溶胶与云顶大气边界层中的温暖层积云相互作用。结合结果表明，老化污染气溶胶内部由有机物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐混合物组成，其中有机成分以高度氧化的次生物质为主。各组分的相对贡献和绝对负载随地点和季节的变化而变化。然而，这些气溶胶充当云凝结核（CCN），并且大部分有机物质与其他物质一起被纳入云滴中。在冰和混合相云中，观察到高度冰川化区域和由过冷水组成的区域之间存在非常急剧的过渡（仅延伸几米）。这是一个独特的发现；然而，飞机对积云的观测表明，这种结构也可能存在于这些云类型中。有人认为，这种急剧转变是由污染较严重的云区域中覆盖有硫酸盐的氧化有机气溶胶引发的冰核引起的，有时会因这些区域中二次冰粒的产生而增强。
In this paper, results are presented of the influence of small organic- and soot-containing particles on the formation of water and ice clouds. There is strong evidence that these particles have grown from nano particle seeds produced by the combustion of oil products. Two series of field experiments are selected to represent the observations made. The first is the CLoud-Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (CLACE) series of experiments performed at a high Alpine site (Jungfraujoch), where cloud was in contact with the ground and the measuring station. Both water and ice clouds were examined at different times of the year. The second series of experiments is the CLOud Processing of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and sea (CLOPAP) series, where ageing pollution aerosol from UK cities was observed, from an airborne platform, to interact with warm stratocumulus cloud in a cloud-capped atmospheric boundary layer. Combining the results it is shown that aged pollution aerosol consists of an internal mixture of organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, the organic component is dominated by highly oxidized secondary material. The relative contributions and absolute loadings of the components vary with location and season. However, these aerosols act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and much of the organic material, along with the other species, is incorporated into cloud droplets. In ice and mixed phase cloud, it is observed that very sharp transitions (extending over just a few metres) are present between highly glaciated regions and regions consisting of supercooled water. This is a unique finding; however, aircraft observations in cumulus suggest that this kind of structure may be found in these cloud types too. It is suggested that this sharp transition is caused by ice nucleation initiated by oxidised organic aerosol coated with sulfate in more polluted regions of cloud, sometimes enhanced by secondary ice particle production in these regions.