PROTEIN-KINASES AND PROTOONCOGENES - BIOCHEMICAL REGULATORS OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL-CYCLE
PROTEIN-KINASES AND PROTOONCOGENES - BIOCHEMICAL REGULATORS OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL-CYCLE
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DOI：
10.1021/bi00223a001
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发表时间：
1991-03-05
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
DONOGHUE, DJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
FREEMAN, RS;DONOGHUE, DJ
细胞分裂是一个基本的生物学过程，从受精卵开始，持续整个生物体的生命周期，直到单个细胞最终分化或死亡。最简单的细胞周期，其特征是早期胚胎细胞的快速分裂，包括一轮DNA复制，然后细胞及其复制的遗传物质分裂成两个子细胞，每个子细胞与亲本相同。有丝分裂被定义为导致两个新核形成的一系列步骤，每个新核具有与亲本核相同的染色体数目。有丝分裂后，细胞质围绕两个核分配，产生两个子细胞。在大多数体细胞的细胞周期中，DNA合成（S期）和有丝分裂（M期）被不同持续时间的两个“生长”阶段（Gt和G2）分开。因此，典型的真核细胞在单个循环期间通过G1、S、G2和M并返回G（图1）。具有实际上不存在的G1和G2期的早期胚胎细胞周期最近已成为研究有丝分裂生物化学的选择系统[参见Cross et al.（1989）进行审查]。在本文中，我们将回顾目前的想法如何进入有丝分裂是控制在真核细胞，特别注意蛋白质磷酸化和去磷酸化在这一过程中的作用。[For关于细胞周期的G期和S期控制的综述，参见Pardee（1989）和Laskey et al.（1989年）]
Revised Manuscript Received September 18, 1990 (yell division is a fundamental biological process that begins with the fertilized egg and continues throughout an organism’s life span until individual cells terminally differentiate or die. The most simplified cell cycle, characterized in nature by the rapid early embryonic cell divisions, consists of a round of DNA replication followed by the splitting of the cell and its duplicated genetic material into two daughter cells, each identical with the parent. Mitosis is defined as the series of steps that result in the formation of two new nuclei, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parental nucleus. Following mitosis, the cytoplasm is partitioned around the two nuclei giving rise to the two daughter cells. During the cell cycle of most somatic cells, DNA synthesis (S-phase) and mitosis (M-phase) are separated by two “growth” stages (Gt and G2) of varying duration. Thus, a typical eukaryotic cell passes through G,, S, G2, and M and back into G, during a single cycle (Figure 1). The early embryonic cell cycle, with G) and G2 phases that are virtually nonexistent, has recently become the system of choice for studying the biochemistry of mitosis [see Cross et al.(1989) for a review]. In this paper, we will review the current ideas of how entryinto mitosis is controlled in eukaryotic cells, paying particular attention to the roles for protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in this process.[For reviews on G, and S-phase control of the cell cycle, see Pardee (1989) and Laskey et al.(1989).]