Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe
Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe
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DOI：
10.1038/44114
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发表时间：
1999-10
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
J. Stoddard;D. Jeffries;A. Lükewille;T. Clair;P. Dillon;C. Driscoll;M. Forsius;M. Johannessen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Stoddard;D. Jeffries;A. Lükewille;T. Clair;P. Dillon;C. Driscoll;M. Forsius;M. Johannessen
在整个20世纪80年代和90年代，北美和欧洲大部分地区的大气酸性沉积（“酸雨”）的速度有所下降。最近的许多研究将国家和区域范围内地表水酸化的逆转归因于沉积量的减少。为了测试排放法规是否导致地表水化学的广泛恢复，我们分析了1980年至1995年北美和欧洲8个地区205个湖泊和溪流的酸化指标（硫酸盐，硝酸盐和盐基阳离子浓度，并测量（Gran）碱度）的区域趋势。20年来，趋势方向和强度的巨大差异显而易见。在一致的时间趋势，酸性沉积，湖泊和溪流硫酸盐浓度下降，除英国外，在所有地区，所有这些地区，但其中一个表现出更强的下降趋势，在20世纪90年代比在20世纪80年代。相比之下，湖泊和溪流硝酸盐浓度的区域性下降是罕见的，当检测到，是非常小的。在欧洲所有区域，特别是在1990年代，都观察到了碱度的恢复，这是在硫酸盐浓度出现强烈区域下降的地方所预期的，但只有北美的一个区域（五个区域中）出现了这种情况。我们将三个地区（安大略南部/中部、阿迪朗达克/卡茨基尔山脉和北美中西部）缺乏恢复归因于碱性阳离子浓度的区域性下降超过了硫酸盐浓度的下降。
Rates of acidic deposition from the atmosphere (‘acid rain’) have decreased throughout the 1980s and 1990s across large portions of North America and Europe,. Many recent studies have attributed observed reversals in surface-water acidification at national and regional scales to the declining deposition. To test whether emissions regulations have led to widespread recovery in surface-water chemistry, we analysed regional trends between 1980 and 1995 in indicators of acidification (sulphate, nitrate and base-cation concentrations, and measured (Gran) alkalinity) for 205 lakes and streams in eight regions of North America and Europe. Dramatic differences in trend direction and strength for the two decades are apparent. In concordance with general temporal trends in acidic deposition, lake and stream sulphate concentrations decreased in all regions with the exception of Great Britain; all but one of these regions exhibited stronger downward trends in the 1990s than in the 1980s. In contrast, regional declines in lake and stream nitrate concentrations were rare and, when detected, were very small. Recovery in alkalinity, expected wherever strong regional declines in sulphate concentrations have occurred, was observed in all regions of Europe, especially in the 1990s, but in only one region (of five) in North America. We attribute the lack of recovery in three regions (south/central Ontario, the Adirondack/Catskill mountains and midwestern North America) to strong regional declines in base-cation concentrations that exceed the decreases in sulphate concentrations.