Mandrills use olfaction to socially avoid parasitized conspecifics.
Mandrills use olfaction to socially avoid parasitized conspecifics.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1126/sciadv.1601721
复制
发表时间：
2017-04
期刊：
影响因子：
13.6
通讯作者：
Charpentier MJE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Poirotte C;Massol F;Herbert A;Willaume E;Bomo PM;Kappeler PM;Charpentier MJE
山魈利用同种动物粪便的嗅觉线索来评估寄生虫状态并避免与传染性动物的社会接触。从独居生活方式向社会生活方式的进化转变需要更高的寄生虫成本，因为与群体生活相关的社会邻近性有利于寄生虫传播。尽管付出了这样的代价，社会性在大范围的分类群体中仍然广泛存在。在这种情况下，宿主有望进化出行为机制来降低寄生虫感染的风险。很少有实证研究关注病原体介导的选择对野生脊椎动物抗寄生虫行为进化的影响。我们报告了山魈的寄生性和社会行为之间的适应性功能关系，并有证据表明它们能够衡量群体成员的寄生虫状态。通过长期观察、对照实验和化学分析，我们表明：（i）野生山魈避免梳理感染口粪传播寄生虫的同种动物； (ii) 在针对这些寄生虫的治疗后，山魈会接受明显更多的梳理； (iii) 寄生影响宿主的粪便气味； (iv) 山魈选择性地避开被寄生的同种动物的排泄物。这些行为适应表明，选择安全的社会伙伴可能有助于灵长类动物应对寄生虫介导的社会成本，并且“行为免疫”在宿主与其寄生虫之间的共同进化动态中发挥着至关重要的作用。
Mandrills use olfactory cues from feces of conspecifics to evaluate parasite status and avoid social contact with infectious animals. The evolutionary transition from a solitary to a social lifestyle entails an elevated parasite cost because the social proximity associated with group living favors parasite transmission. Despite this cost, sociality is widespread in a large range of taxonomic groups. In this context, hosts would be expected to have evolved behavioral mechanisms to reduce the risk of parasite infection. Few empirical studies have focused on the influence of pathogen-mediated selection on the evolution of antiparasitic behavior in wild vertebrates. We report an adaptive functional relationship between parasitism and social behavior in mandrills, associated with evidence that they are able to gauge parasite status of their group members. Using long-term observations, controlled experiments, and chemical analyses, we show that (i) wild mandrills avoid grooming conspecifics infected with orofecally transmitted parasites; (ii) mandrills receive significantly more grooming after treatment that targets these parasites; (iii) parasitism influences the host’s fecal odors; and (iv) mandrills selectively avoid fecal material from parasitized conspecifics. These behavioral adaptations reveal that selecting safe social partners may help primates to cope with parasite-mediated costs of sociality and that “behavioral immunity” plays a crucial role in the coevolutionary dynamics between hosts and their parasites.