The warm-cold variable in first impressions of persons.
The warm-cold variable in first impressions of persons.
复制标题
人的第一印象中的冷暖变量。
作者：
H. Kelley
这个实验是关于第一印象的几个研究之一，目的是研究早期判断的稳定性，它们的决定因素，以及这些判断与做出这些判断的人的行为的关系。它被证明是必要的假设inner-observer vanables contnbute的印象，并保持相对恒定的时间，也获得了一些证据，直接证明了这些变量的存在和它们的性质。本实验旨在确定一种内部-外部变量的影响，具体地说，观察者在暴露情境中对刺激人的期望。附加在刺激人身上的先验信息或标签对观察者的第一印象的影响几乎是显而易见的，不需要证明。由这种先验信息产生的期望可能会限制、改变、关键的问题是，在给定的期望下，感知会发生什么样的变化？关于刻板印象的研究，例如Katz和Braly（2）的研究表明，从一个种族标签sitth作为“德国人”或“黑人”，一些观念随之而来，这些观念是由文化决定的，本研究发现其主要意义与Asch（1）的一项研究有关，该研究表明某些关键标签可以改变对perscm的整个印象，导致了在广泛的文化基础上，甚至可能是在本土基础上，与标签相关的属性。阿希向他的受试者读了一系列据称描述某个特定人的形容词，然后让他们描述这个人，他发现，在他所谓的核心品质列表中，例如“温暖”暴露于“寒冷”，
This experiment is one of several studies of first impressions (3), the purpose of the senes being to investigate the stability of early judgments, their determinants, and the relation of such judgments to the behavior of the person making them In interpreting the data from several nonexperimental studies on the stability of first impressions. It proved to be necessary to postulate inner-observer vanables which contnbute to the impression and which remain relatively constant through time Also some evidence was obtained which directly demonstrated the existence of these variables and their nature. The present expenment was designed to determine the effects of one kind of mner-ohserver variable, specifically, expectations about the stimulus person which the observer brings to the exposure situation That prior information or labels attached to a stimulus person make a difference in observers' first impressions is almost too obvious to require demonstration The expectations resulting from such preinformation may restrict, modify, or accentuate the impressions ht will have The crucial qu^tion is What changes in percepticHi will accompany a given expectation ? Studies of stereotyping, for example, that of Katz and Braly (2), indicate that from an ethnic label sitth as "German" or "Negro," a number of perceptions follow which are culturally determined Tlw present study finds its main significance in relation to a study by Asch (1) which demonstrates that certain crucial labels can transform the entire impression of the perscm, leading to attributions which are related to the label on a broad cultural basis or even, perhaps, on an autochthonous basis Asch read to his subjects a list of adjectives which purportedly described a particular person He then asked them to characterize that person He found that the inclusion in the list of what he called central qualities, such as "warm" as exposed to "cold," produced a