Contribution of ship emissions to the concentration and deposition of air pollutants in Europe
Contribution of ship emissions to the concentration and deposition of air pollutants in Europe
复制标题
DOI：
10.5194/acp-16-1895-2016
复制
发表时间：
2016-01-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Prevot, Andre S. H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aksoyoglu, Sebnem;Baltensperger, Urs;Prevot, Andre S. H.
海洋运输部门的排放是受管制最少的人为排放源之一，对空气污染有很大影响。尽管最近在SECA（硫排放控制区）和欧盟港口对船用燃料中的最大硫含量进行了严格限制，但在过去二十年中，SECA以外的硫排放和所有欧洲海域其他组分的排放继续增加。我们已经使用了空气质量模型CAMx（综合空气质量模型扩展），并没有船舶排放的2006年，以确定国际航运对年度和季节性浓度的臭氧，主要和次要成分的PM2.5，氮和硫化合物在欧洲的干和湿沉积的影响。由于船舶排放的污染物浓度的最大变化预计在夏季。由于地中海（高达60%）、英吉利海峡和北海（30- 35%）的船舶排放，颗粒硫酸盐的浓度增加，而颗粒硝酸盐水平的增加特别是在北部，比荷卢地区（20%）周围，那里有高的NH3陆地排放。我们的模型结果表明，不仅是大气中的污染物浓度的船舶排放的影响，但也沉积的氮和硫化合物沿航线沿着显着增加。NOx排放的船舶，特别是在英吉利海峡和北海，导致减少干沉积的还原氮在源区移动它从气相到颗粒相，然后有助于增加在沿海地区的湿沉积具有较高的降水。另一方面，在西地中海地区，模型结果显示，由于船舶交通，氧化态氮（主要是HNO 3）的沉积增加。干沉降的SO2似乎是显着的沿着航运路线，而硫酸盐湿沉降主要发生沿着斯堪的纳维亚和亚得里亚海海岸。本文提出的结果表明，从船舶和陆基NH3排放的氮氧化物排放的演变将在未来欧洲的空气质量中发挥重要作用。
Emissions from the marine transport sector are one of the least-regulated anthropogenic emission sources and contribute significantly to air pollution. Although strict limits were introduced recently for the maximum sulfur content in marine fuels in the SECAs (sulfur emission control areas) and in EU ports, sulfur emissions outside the SECAs and emissions of other components in all European maritime areas have continued to increase in the last two decades. We have used the air quality model CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions) with and without ship emissions for the year 2006 to determine the effects of international shipping on the annual as well as seasonal concentrations of ozone, primary and secondary components of PM2.5, and the dry and wet deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds in Europe. The largest changes in pollutant concentrations due to ship emissions were predicted for summer. Concentrations of particulate sulfate increased due to ship emissions in the Mediterranean (up to 60 %), the English Channel and the North Sea (30-35 %), while increases in particulate nitrate levels were found especially in the north, around the Benelux area (20 %), where there were high NH3 land-based emissions. Our model results showed that not only are the atmospheric concentrations of pollutants affected by ship emissions, but also depositions of nitrogen and sulfur compounds increase significantly along the shipping routes. NOx emissions from the ships, especially in the English Channel and the North Sea, cause a decrease in the dry deposition of reduced nitrogen at source regions by moving it from the gas phase to the particle phase which then contributes to an increase in the wet deposition at coastal areas with higher precipitation. In the western Mediterranean region, on the other hand, model results show an increase in the deposition of oxidized nitrogen (mostly HNO3/due to the ship traffic. Dry deposition of SO2 seems to be significant along the shipping routes, whereas sulfate wet deposition occurs mainly along the Scandinavian and Adriatic coasts. The results presented in this paper suggest that evolution of NOx emissions from ships and land-based NH3 emissions will play a significant role in future European air quality.