Management history of eastside ecosystems: changes in fish habitat over 50 years, 1935 to 1992
Management history of eastside ecosystems: changes in fish habitat over 50 years, 1935 to 1992
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东部生态系统管理历史：1935年至1992年50年来鱼类栖息地的变化
DOI：
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发表时间：
1994
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. A. Brown
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Mcintosh;J. Sedell;J. Smith;R. Wissmar;S. Clarke;G. Reeves;L. A. Brown
从1934年到1942年，渔业局调查了哥伦比亚河流域超过8000公里的溪流，以确定鱼类栖息地的条件。为了评估随着时间的推移，流栖息地的变化，一部分的历史调查流在格兰德龙德，梅托，韦纳奇，和亚基马河流域进行了重新调查，从1990年至1992年。选择的溪流主要影响是自然干扰（未管理），如荒野和无路地区，人类影响（管理）是主要干扰。此外，还分析了土地利用、河流流量和气候状况的历史变化。在历史调查之前，这些溪流中的许多已经因土地利用活动（河岸木材采伐、防溅坝、溪流渠化、牲畜放牧和采矿）而退化。虽然整个哥伦比亚河流域的总体趋势是管理土地上鱼类栖息地的丧失和非管理土地上的稳定或改善条件，但这四个流域的数据表明，这种变化存在区域模式。根据这些信息，沿着这些流域的溯河产卵鱼类运行的状态数据，鱼类栖息地已显示出一些改善，从过去的虐待在华盛顿东部，而继续下降，在东部俄勒冈州。这似乎是两个地区不同的土地使用历史的结果。华盛顿东部的河流流域在第一次世界大战后显然从过去的土地使用实践中恢复了一段时间，因为开发的影响减少了。相比之下，俄勒冈州东部的河流流域在整个开发期间（1850年至今）一直受到土地利用做法的影响。从这些信息中可以清楚地看出，土地利用方式已经使整个华盛顿东部和俄勒冈州的鱼类栖息地退化。保护、恢复和维持溯河产卵鱼类和留居鱼类种群及其栖息地的战略必须基于保护剩余栖息地和恢复历史栖息地的流域方法。以上栖息地的变化和现状在回顾的变化中，我们也调查了，不同程度的变化模式和以上从这个概述中，我们确定与给一系列的报告发表的1949-1952年由美国鱼类和野生动物服务是主要的基础，目前估计损失的溯河产卵鱼类栖息地在哥伦比亚河流域。这些报告是渔业局1934- 1946年进行的8000多公里河流调查的简要定性报告（Bryant 1949; Bryant和Parkhurst 1950;富尔顿，1968，1970;西北电力规划理事会1986; Parkhurst 1950 a，1950 b，1950 c，Parkhurst和其他人1950; Thompson 1976）。渔业局进行调查的目的是确定哥伦比亚河流域的溪流状况，这些溪流为鲑鱼和虹鳟鱼提供或已经提供了产卵和饲养栖息地（Rich 1948）。最近，渔业调查局的原始现场记录被发现。这些数据现在被存档并存储在俄勒冈州州立大学的森林科学数据库中。这些记录是关于哥伦比亚河流域溯河产卵鱼类栖息地条件和范围的最早和最全面的文献。它们提供了最好的可用数据，可用于量化变化，并为整个流域的溯河产卵鱼类栖息地的未来恢复设定基准。太平洋西北研究站一直在利用渔业局的调查，结合目前的调查，以确定如何在哥伦比亚河流域的溪流栖息地的条件在过去50年中发生了变化。太平洋西北研究站的研究从1987年至今，已经在广泛的地质条件、土地所有权和土地使用历史中检查了河流（McIntosh 1992，Sedell和1990）。大型木本植物在高品质鱼类中的功能作用，以及Ashkenas和1991，以及其他1991。大型木本植物在溪流生态系统中具有广泛的物理和生物功能，包括为储存提供覆盖和生境复杂性，河道粗糙度，减少高流量的侵蚀影响，以及促进池塘的发展和维护。许多研究表明，大型木质残体的损失减少了鲑鱼的产量，其他人1987年，其他人1985年，麦克唐纳和其他人1991年。
From 1934 to 1942, the Bureau of Fisheries surveyed over 8000 km of streams in the Columbia River basin to determine the condition of fish habitat. To evaluate changes in stream habitat over time, a portion of the historically surveyed streams in the Grande Ronde, Methow, Wenatchee, and Yakima River basins were resurveyed from 1990 to 1992. Streams were chosen where the primary impacts were natural disturbance (unmanaged), such as wilderness and roadless areas, and where human impacts (managed) were the major disturbances. In addition, historical changes in land-use, stream-flow, and climate regimes were also analyzed. Many of these streams had been degraded from land-use activities (riparian timber harvest, splash dams, stream channelization, livestock grazing, and mining) prior to the historical survey. While the general trend throughout the Columbia River basin has been towards a loss in fish habitat on managed lands and stable or improving conditions on unmanaged lands, the data for these four river basins suggest there is a regional pattern to this change. Based on this information, along with data on the status of anadromous fish runs in these basins, fish habitat has shown some improvement from past abuses in eastern Washington, while continuing to decline in eastern Oregon. This appears to be the result of different land-use histories in the two regions. The river basins of eastern Washington apparently had a period of recovery after World War I from past land-use practices, as the impacts of development decreased. In contrast, river basins of eastern Oregon have been affected continuously by land-use practices over the entire development period (1850-present). From this information, it is clear that land-use practices have degraded fish habitat throughout eastern Washington and Oregon. Strategies to protect, restore, and maintain anadromous and resident fish populations and their habitat, must be based on a watershed approach that protects the remaining habitat and restores historical habitats. changes in habitat over and the current condition of in In reviewing changes in we also surveyed, with varying degrees of changing patterns of and over From this overview, we identified with give A series of reports published from 1949-1952 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are the primary basis for current estimates of the loss of anadromous fish habitat in the Columbia River basin. The reports were brief, qualitative accounts of over 8000 km of stream surveys conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries from 1934-46 (Bryant 1949; Bryant and Parkhurst 1950; Fulton, 1968, 1970; Northwest Power Planning Council 1986; Parkhurst 1950a, 1950b, 1950c, Parkhurst and others 1950; Thompson 1976). The Bureau of Fisheries surveys were undertaken with the objective of determining the condition of streams in the Columbia River basin that provided, or had provided, spawning and rearing habitat for salmon and steelhead (Rich 1948). Recently, the original field notes from the Bureau of Fisheries surveys were discov-ered. The data are now being archived and stored in the Forest Science DataBank at Oregon State University. These records are the earliest and most comprehensive documentation available on the condition and extent of anadromous fish habitat in the Columbia River basin. They provide the best available data for quantifying change and setting benchmarks for future restoration of anadromous fish habitat throughout the basin. The Pacific Northwest Research Station has been using the Bureau of Fisheries surveys, in conjunction with current surveys, to determine how the condition of stream habitat in the Columbia River basin has changed over the past 50 years. The Pacific Northwest Research Station study, conducted from 1987 to the present, has examined streams across a broad range of geological conditions, land ownerships, and land-use histories (McIntosh 1992, Sedell and 1990). the functional role of large woody in and high quality fish and and Ashkenas and 1991, and others 1991. Large woody a wide array of physical and biological functions in stream ecosystems, include providing cover and habitat complexity for storage, in-channel roughness, reducing the erosional effects of high flows, and enhancing pool development and maintenance. Many studies have shown that the loss of large woody debris reduces salmonid production and others 1987, and others 1985, MacDonald and others 1991.