MIGRATORY AND GRAZING BEHAVIOR OF COPEPODS AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON
MIGRATORY AND GRAZING BEHAVIOR OF COPEPODS AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON
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桡足类的洄游、放牧行为及浮游植物的垂直分布
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发表时间：
2014
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通讯作者：
H. M.
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作者：
H. M.
浮游动物的夜间行为是浮游生物文献中最吸引人的课题之一。最丰富的近水面浮游动物捕获发生在夜间，一般来说，大多数物种的肠道内容物在夜间也较高（Stearns，1986年）。人们经常认为这两个特征是相互关联的（Gauld，1951年; Sushkina，1962年; Daro，1980年）。然而，最近的论文表明，夜间垂直迁移不是一个固定的行为属性，但可以与季节有关（Sameoto，1984;汤森等人，1984年; Landry and Hassett，1985; Vidal and Smith，1986）、位置（威廉姆斯and Lindley，1980;威廉姆斯and Conway，1984）以及生理事件如繁殖或交配（Endo，1984; W illiams and Fragopoulu，1985）。在不同的气候和水文条件相似的地区，同一种植物在垂直分布上也表现出不同的格局（Sameoto，1984; Vidal and Smith，1986）。有些时候，垂直迁移行为与温跃层的存在明显相关（Sameoto，1984），而另一些时候则完全不相关（W illiams和Fragopoulu，1985; W ishner和Allison，1986）。大多数浮游动物是夜间进食者，如哲水蚤、枝角类和剑水蚤（Petipa，1964; Daro，1980; Tande和Slagstad，1982; Baars和Oosterhuis，1984; Sim ard等人，1985年）。夜间放牧不一定与夜间垂直向上运动或群集有关（Mackas和Bohrer，1976; Nicolajsen等人，1983; H ead等人，1985年）。食物的可利用性会以不同的方式影响浮游动物的垂直分布。当上层食物丰富时，垂直迁移可以是高强度的，并具有显著的夜间摄食（Daro，1980; 1985），但当食物缺乏时，即使夜间摄食仍然存在（Daro，1985），垂直迁移也可能完全停止（亨特利和布鲁克斯，1982）。在其他情况下，夜间迁移的消失与放牧率的昼夜差异的消失有关（Lampert和Taylor，1985年）。不同的假说，如代谢模型（Enright，1977），捕食者回避机制和摄食生长模型（McLaren，1963; Zaret和Suffem，1976），建议解释垂直迁移的好处似乎适用单独或组合取决于生物或生态条件。W illiams和Conway（1984）清楚地总结了这个问题：“桡足类（哲水蚤helgolandicus）通过表现出不同的行为模式来响应其不断变化的行为，即，觅食迁徙、产卵迁徙、能带来能量净增加的迁徙以及能潜在地保存能量的非迁徙模式。Ui m DARO：CO PEPOD行为711
The nocturnal behavior of Zooplankton is one of the m ost fascinating subjects of plankton literature. The most abundant near-surface Zooplankton catches occur at night and in general the gut content o f m ost o f the species is also higher at night (Stearns, 1986). It has been often suggested that these two features are linked (Gauld, 1951; Sushkina, 1962; Daro, 1980). However, recent papers demonstrate i tha t nocturnal vertical migration is not a fixed behavioral attribute, but can be related to season (Sameoto, 1984; Townsend et al., 1984; Landry and Hassett, 1985; Vidal and Smith, 1986), location (Williams and Lindley, 1980; Williams and Conway, 1984), and physiological events such as breeding or m ating (Endo, 1984; W illiams and Fragopoulu, 1985). In different areas with sim ilar climatic and environm ental conditions, the same species can sim ultaneously show different patterns o f vertical distribution (Sameoto, 1984; Vidal and Smith, 1986). Some tim es the vertical migration behavior is clearly related to the presence o f a thermocline (Sameoto, 1984) and at other tim es not a t all (W illiams and Fragopoulu, 1985; W ishner and Allison, 1986). M ost Zooplankton groups are nocturnal feeders, such as calanoids, cladocerans and cyclopoids (Petipa, 1964; Daro, 1980; Tande and Slagstad, 1982; Baars and Oosterhuis, 1984; Sim ard et al., 1985). N octurnal grazing is not necessarily linked to nocturnal vertical upward m ovem ents or swarming (Mackas and Bohrer, 1976; Nicolajsen et ah, 1983; H ead et al., 1985). Food availability can affect the vertical distribution of Zooplankton in different ways. W hen food is abundant in the upper layer, vertical migrations can be o f high am plitude w ith significant nocturnal feeding (Daro, 1980; 1985), but may cease entirely when food is scarce (Huntley and Brooks, 1982) even when nocturnal feeding still exists (Daro, 1985). In other cases, the disappearance of nocturnal m igration is associated with a disappearance o f diel differences in grazing rates (Lampert and Taylor, 1985). The different hypotheses proposing to explain the benefits o f vertical m igration such as the m etabolic model (Enright, 1977), the predator avoidance m echanism and the feeding-growth m odel (McLaren, 1963; Zaret and Suffem, 1976) seem to apply separately or in com bination depending on the biological or ecological situation. W illiams and Conway (1984) clearly sum m arized the problem: “The copepod (■Calanus helgolandicus) responds to its changing environm ent by exhibiting dif ferent patterns o f behavior, i.e., feeding migrations, egg laying migrations, m i grations which presum ably give a net gain in energy, and non-m igrating patterns which potentially conserve energy.” Ui m DARO: CO PEPOD BEHAVIOR 711