Neuroanatomical changes associated with cognitive aging.
Neuroanatomical changes associated with cognitive aging.
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DOI：
10.1007/7854_2011_137
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发表时间：
2012-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Lowry, Nioka C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Juraska, Janice M;Lowry, Nioka C
本文回顾了在正常非痴呆性衰老过程中发生的神经解剖学变化的文献，重点是使用体视学技术提高研究的准确性。参与认知的神经组织的丧失发生在人类以及其他已被检查的哺乳动物的衰老过程中。在大脑皮层和海马中，丢失的程度和细胞基础都有相当大的区域特异性。前额叶皮层的解剖结构特别容易受到衰老的影响，而海马体的主要子区域则不会。在皮层和海马体的某些区域，神经元、树突和突触的损失以及神经递质系统的变化都有记录，但在其他区域则没有。种属差异在皮质白色物质和胼胝体中也很明显，在人类中有髓鞘丢失的迹象，但大多数证据支持在大鼠中保存。对女性神经解剖学衰老过程是否因激素替代而改变的研究才刚刚开始。当激素替代开始接近周期停止的时间时，在人类和大鼠中有迹象表明替代可以保护神经组织，但由于激素的类型和给药方案而存在一些变异性。
The literature on the neuroanatomical changes that occur during normal, non-demented aging is reviewed here with an emphasis on the improved accuracy of studies that use stereological techniques. Loss of neural tissue involved in cognition occurs during aging of humans as well as the other mammals that have been examined. There is considerable regional specificity within the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in both the degree and cellular basis for loss. The anatomy of the prefrontal cortex is especially vulnerable to the effects of aging while the major subfields of the hippocampus are not. A loss of neurons, dendrites and synapses has been documented, as well as changes in neurotransmitter systems, in some regions of the cortex and hippocampus but not others. Species differences are also apparent in the cortical white matter and the corpus callosum where there are indications of loss of myelin in humans, but most evidence favors preservation in rats. The examination of whether the course of neuroanatomical aging is altered by hormone replacement in females is just beginning. When hormone replacement is started close to the time of cycle cessation, there are indications in humans and rats that replacement can preserve neural tissue but there is some variability due to the type of hormones and regimen of administration.