The Sanitation Syndrome: Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in the Cape Colony, 1900–1909
The Sanitation Syndrome: Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in the Cape Colony, 1900–1909
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卫生综合症：黑死病和开普殖民地的城市原住民政策，1900 年至 1909 年
DOI：
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发表时间：
1977
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Swanson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Swanson
传染病和公共卫生概念作为社会隐喻，似乎对南非城市隔离的起源和发展产生了强大的影响。在1900年至1904年期间，黑死病威胁到主要中心，在医疗当局和其他政府官员的鼓动下，根据公共卫生法的紧急规定，非洲城市人口大规模迁移到匆忙建立的地点。自19世纪90年代以来，随着经济发展和社会变革开始刺激黑人向城市迁移，早期的城市政策一直处于初步考虑之中，并被这一事件促成了具体的立法和永久的行政管理。开普敦和伊丽莎白港是开普殖民地发展的两个焦点，其中位于恩达贝尼和新布莱顿的政府所在地是这一进程的例证。这些行动和巩固这些行动的努力在很大程度上受到行政、法律、经济和人的实际因素的挫折，这些因素成为城市选址政策的异常和矛盾的特征。黑人“中产阶级”抵制财产权的丧失，坚持追求经济和社会流动性或法律独立。尤其是在伊丽莎白港，独立的城郊定居点激增，白人官员和政治家陷入了行政和法律的泥潭。事实证明，白人雇主和黑人移民只能勉强接受以隔离原则为模型的地点概念。但是，“卫生综合症”，将黑人的城市定居、劳动和生活条件等同于对公共卫生和安全的威胁，在官方的脑海中根深蒂固，支持了实现积极社会控制的愿望，并通过流行的医疗威胁意象确认或合理化了白人种族偏见。这些关于城市社会秩序的问题会在1918年流感大流行等可怕事件中再次出现，因为在一战期间和之后，联邦范围内的政策和法律奠定了基础。
Infectious disease and concepts of public health, operating as societal metaphors, seem to have exercised a powerful influence on the origins and development of urban segregation in South Africa. Between 1900 and 1904 bubonic plague, threatening major centres, occasioned the mass removal of African urban populations to hastily established locations at the instigation of medical authorities and other government officials under the emergency provisions of the public health laws. Inchoate urban policy, under tentative consideration since the 1890s as economic development and social change began to stimulate black urban migration, was precipitated by this episode into specific legislation and permanent administration. Cape Town and Port Elizabeth were the two foci of this development in the Cape Colony, where the government locations at Ndabeni and New Brighton exemplify the process. These moves and the effort to consolidate them were to a large degree frustrated by practical administrative, legal, economic and human factors which have characterized the anomalies and contradictions of urban location policy ever since. A black ‘middle class’ resisted the loss of property rights and clung to aspirations of economic and social mobility or legal independence. Especially at Port Elizabeth, where independent peri-urban settlements proliferated, white officials and politicians laboured in an administrative and legal quagmire. White employers and black migrants proved only marginally amenable to location concepts modelled on the principles of quarantine. But ‘the sanitation syndrome’, equating black urban settlement, labour and living conditions with threats to public health and security, became fixed in the official mind, buttressed a desire to achieve positive social controls, and confirmed or rationalized white race prejudice with a popular imagery of medical menace. These issues of urban social order would be repeated again in connexion with such dire events as the 1918 influenza epidemic as the foundations of Union-wide policy and law were laid during and after World War I.