Infants expect ingroup support to override fairness when resources are limited
Infants expect ingroup support to override fairness when resources are limited
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1719445115
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发表时间：
2018-03-13
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Baillargeon, Renee
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bian, Lin;Sloane, Stephanie;Baillargeon, Renee
最近的研究表明，人类道德认知的基础包括抽象的公平原则和群体支持原则。我们研究了当1.5岁的婴儿和2.5岁的蹒跚学步的孩子相互竞争时，会优先考虑哪种原则。在违反预期的任务中，木偶分配者带来两个(两项条件)或三个(三项条件)物品，面对两个潜在的接受者，一个内组和一个外组木偶。在每种情况下，分配者在三个事件中的一个中分配两个物品：她给内组和外组木偶各一个物品(相等事件)，她把两个物品都给内组木偶(偏爱-内组事件)，或者她把两个东西都给外组木偶(偏爱-外组事件)。在两个项目的情况下，儿童在平等或优惠-小组活动中的注视时间明显长于在优惠-小组活动中，这表明当只有分发者所属的小组有足够的物品时，如果她把任何物品给外部组木偶，孩子们就会检测到违规行为。相比之下，在三件物品的情况下，孩子们看恩惠--内部小组或帮助--小组外活动的时间明显长于同等活动，这表明，当在场的所有木偶都有足够的物品时，如果分发者选择给一个收件人两件物品，而不给另一个收件人，孩子们就会发现违规行为，而不管哪个收件人更有利。因此，婴儿和蹒跚学步的孩子期望当有和木偶一样多的物品时，公平会占上风，但他们希望在其他情况下，群体支持会压倒公平。
Recent research suggests that the foundations of human moral cognition include abstract principles of fairness and ingroup support. We examined which principle 1.5-y-old infants and 2.5-y-old toddlers would prioritize when the two were pitted against each other. In violation-of-expectation tasks, a puppet distributor brought in either two (two-item condition) or three (three-item condition) items and faced two potential recipients, an ingroup and an outgroup puppet. In each condition, the distributor allocated two items in one of three events: She gave one item each to the ingroup and outgroup puppets (equal event), she gave both items to the ingroup puppet (favors-ingroup event), or she gave both items to the outgroup puppet (favors-outgroup event). Children in the two-item condition looked significantly longer at the equal or favors-outgroup event than at the favors-ingroup event, suggesting that when there were only enough items for the group to which the distributor belonged, children detected a violation if she gave any of the items to the outgroup puppet. In the three-item condition, in contrast, children looked significantly longer at the favors-ingroup or favors-outgroup event than at the equal event, suggesting that when there were enough items for all puppets present, children detected a violation if the distributor chose to give two items to one recipient and none to the other, regardless of which recipient was advantaged. Thus, infants and toddlers expected fairness to prevail when there were as many items as puppets, but they expected ingroup support to trump fairness otherwise.