Genome-Wide Identification, Molecular Evolution, and Expression Divergence of Aluminum-Activated Malate Transporters in Apples
Genome-Wide Identification, Molecular Evolution, and Expression Divergence of Aluminum-Activated Malate Transporters in Apples
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苹果中铝激活苹果酸转运蛋白的全基因组鉴定、分子进化和表达差异
DOI：
10.3390/ijms19092807
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发表时间：
2018-09-01
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Ma, Fengwang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ma, Baiquan;Yuan, Yangyang;Ma, Fengwang
铝激活的苹果酸转运体(ALMTs)在植物的耐铝性、气孔开放和果实酸度等方面发挥着重要作用。然而，苹果ALMT基因家族的进化模式仍然相对未知。本研究从苹果“金冠”双单倍体树(GDDH13)的参考基因组中鉴定出25个MdALMT基因。对MdALMT基因的生理生化特性、基因结构和保守基序进行了研究。染色体定位和基因复制分析表明，全基因组复制/片段复制在MdALMT基因家族的扩大中起着重要作用。重复的MdALMT基因的Ka/Ks比值表明，该家族成员经历了强烈的纯化选择。通过系统发育关系的探讨，划分了7个亚组，发现ALMT基因家族的旧基因重复频率较高，进化速度差异显著。此外，在蔷薇科植物的进化过程中，也出现了ALMT基因的功能差异。此外，MdALMT基因的表达差异和不同的亚细胞定位证实了MdALMT基因的功能差异。本研究为更好地了解MdALMT基因的分子进化提供了基础，并进一步促进了功能分析以揭示它们在苹果中的确切作用。
Aluminum-activated malate transporters (ALMTs) play an important role in aluminum tolerance, stomatal opening, and fruit acidity in plants. However, the evolutionary pattern of the ALMT gene family in apples remains relatively unknown. In this study, a total of 25 MdALMT genes were identified from the apple reference genome of the “Golden Delicious” doubled-haploid tree (GDDH13). The physiological and biochemical properties, gene structure, and conserved motifs of MdALMT genes were examined. Chromosome location and gene-duplication analysis indicated that whole-genome duplication/segmental duplication played an important role in the expansion of the MdALMT gene family. The Ka/Ks ratio of duplicated MdALMT genes showed that members of this family have undergone strong purifying selection. Through exploration of the phylogenetic relationships, seven subgroups were classified, and higher old gene duplication frequency and significantly different evolutionary rates of the ALMT gene families were detected. In addition, the functional divergence of ALMT genes occurred during the evolutionary process of Rosaceae species. Furthermore, the functional divergence of MdALMT genes was confirmed by expression discrepancy and different subcellular localizations. This study provides the foundation to better understand the molecular evolution of MdALMT genes and further facilitate functional analysis to unravel their exact role in apples.