Causal attributions for success and failure in relation to expectations of success based upon selective or manipulative control
Causal attributions for success and failure in relation to expectations of success based upon selective or manipulative control
复制标题
成功和失败的因果归因与基于选择性或操纵控制的成功预期相关
DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00060.x
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发表时间：
1971
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
J. G. Simon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Feather;J. G. Simon
摘要
受试者参加了一项由10个项目组成的拼字测试。在操纵控制条件下，受试者在一组练习字谜上的先前表现被控制，使得这些受试者中有一半带着对成功的高期望和一半带着对成功的低期望开始测试，作为对操纵的检查，受试者提供他们在选择性控制条件下他们能够通过测试(即，解决五个或更多个字谜)的信心程度。受试者没有被给予练习项目，但随后根据他们的置信度被分配到高和低期望组。随后，所有受试者被要求对他们认为能力(或缺乏能力)、努力(或缺乏努力)、任务难度(容易或困难)和运气(好或坏)是其表现结果(成功或失败)的原因的程度进行评级。研究发现，与意想不到的成功相比，预期的成功更多地归因于能力，而不是运气。与意想不到的失败相比，预期的失败更多地归因于能力的缺乏，而不是坏运气。与失败相比，被试在成功时更倾向于将任务难度和努力作为其表现的原因。这些结果是根据归因行为的结构平衡模型来讨论的，也与海德对行为原因的天真分析有关
Summary
Subjects worked at a 10-item Anagrams Test. In a manipulative control condition the prior performance of subjects on a set of practice anagrams was controlled so that half of these subjects began the test with high expectations of success and half with low expectations of success As a check on the manipulation, subjects provided ratings of how confident they were that they could pass the test (i e, solve five anagrams or more) In a selective control condition subjects were not given practice items but were subsequently assigned to high versus low expectation groups on the basis of their confidence ratings The difficulty level of the items in the Anagrams Test was manipulated so that half the subjects in each condition passed the test and half failed. Subsequently all subjects were required to rate the degree to which they considered ability (or lack of ability), effort (or lack of effort), task difficulty (easy or hard), and luck (good or bad) were causes of their performance outcome (success or failure). It was found that the expected success was attributed more to ability and less to good luck than was the unexpected success The expected failure was attributed more to lack of ability and less to bad luck than was the unexpected failure There was a greater tendency for subjects to appeal to task difficulty and effort as causes of their performance when they succeeded than when they failed. These results were discussed in terms of a structural balance model of attribution behavior and also in relation to Heider's naive analysis of the causes of action