The Essentiality of Arachidonic Acid in Infant Development.
The Essentiality of Arachidonic Acid in Infant Development.
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DOI：
10.3390/nu8040216
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发表时间：
2016-04-12
期刊：
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Salem N Jr
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hadley KB;Ryan AS;Forsyth S;Gautier S;Salem N Jr
花生四烯酸 (ARA, 20:4n-6) 是一种 n-6 多不饱和 20 个碳脂肪酸，由亚油酸 (LA, 18:2n-6) 生物合成形成。本综述考虑了 ARA 在婴儿发育中发挥的重要作用。 ARA 始终以相对固定的水平存在于母乳中，并在全身组织中积累，发挥多种重要功能。如果母乳或婴儿配方奶粉中没有预先形成的 ARA，生长中的婴儿就无法仅通过合成途径维持足以满足代谢需求的 ARA 水平。在婴儿后期和幼儿时期，固体食物提供的膳食 ARA 量较低。 ARA 是白三烯、前列腺素和血栓素的前体，统称为类二十烷酸，对免疫和免疫反应很重要。基于动物和人类研究的有力证据表明，ARA 对于婴儿生长、大脑发育和健康至关重要。这些研究还证明了平衡 ARA 和 DHA 含量的重要性，因为过多的 DHA 可能会抑制 ARA 提供的益处。二十多年来，ARA 和 DHA 一直被添加到婴儿配方奶粉和较大婴儿配方奶粉中。根据对现有科学证据的深入审查，讨论了婴儿配方奶粉中所需的 ARA 和 DHA 的含量和比例。
Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) is an n-6 polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid formed by the biosynthesis from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6). This review considers the essential role that ARA plays in infant development. ARA is always present in human milk at a relatively fixed level and is accumulated in tissues throughout the body where it serves several important functions. Without the provision of preformed ARA in human milk or infant formula the growing infant cannot maintain ARA levels from synthetic pathways alone that are sufficient to meet metabolic demand. During late infancy and early childhood the amount of dietary ARA provided by solid foods is low. ARA serves as a precursor to leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes, collectively known as eicosanoids which are important for immunity and immune response. There is strong evidence based on animal and human studies that ARA is critical for infant growth, brain development, and health. These studies also demonstrate the importance of balancing the amounts of ARA and DHA as too much DHA may suppress the benefits provided by ARA. Both ARA and DHA have been added to infant formulas and follow-on formulas for more than two decades. The amounts and ratios of ARA and DHA needed in infant formula are discussed based on an in depth review of the available scientific evidence.