Evaluative Conditioning: The "How" Question.
Evaluative Conditioning: The "How" Question.
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DOI：
10.1016/s0065-2601(10)43005-1
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Fazio, Russell H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jones, Christopher R.;Olson, Michael A.;Fazio, Russell H.
评价性条件反射是指由于一个客体与另一个或多个配价客体的共同出现而形成的态度。这一章集中讨论“如何”的问题，也就是说，什么样的认知过程介入单纯的同现和态度形成或改变之间的问题。虽然EC通常被认为是通过一个单一的，虽然有争议的，机制发生，我们开始指出，EC方法的异质性和丰富的不一致的结果表明，具有不同特征的多个过程可以产生EC。我们描述了EC，巴甫洛夫条件反射或信号学习的最早假设的过程，是一个有效的EC机制，似乎已经在一些实验中运作，但不太可能在其他操作，也不能解释各种EC结果。我们描述EC的其他机制，当他们可以预期发生，以及他们有什么特点。我们特别关注我们最近推出的EC过程模型，隐式错误归因模型。最后，我们描述了EC的多过程视图的影响，我们认为这可以帮助解决理论上的争议，并进一步应用EC作为一个实际的干预影响在各个领域的态度。
Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to attitude formation or change toward an object due to that object's mere co-occurrence with another valenced object or objects. This chapter focuses on the “how” question, that is, the question of what cognitive processes intervene between mere co-occurrence and attitude formation or change. Though EC has typically been thought of as occurring through a single, albeit contentious, mechanism, we begin by pointing out that both the heterogeneity of EC methodologies and the abundance of inconsistent results suggest that multiple processes with different characteristics can produce EC. We describe how the earliest posited process of EC, Pavlovian conditioning or signal learning, is a valid mechanism of EC that appears to have operated in some experiments but is unlikely to have operated in others and also cannot account for various EC findings. We describe other mechanisms of EC, when they can be expected to occur, and what characteristics they have. We particularly focus our attention on a process model of EC we have recently introduced, the implicit misattribution model. Finally, we describe the implications of a multi-process view of EC, which we argue can help resolve theoretical controversies and further the application of EC as a practical intervention for influencing attitudes in various domains.