Nesting of the Sage Thrasher, Sage Sparrow, and Brewer's Sparrow in Southeastern Idaho
Nesting of the Sage Thrasher, Sage Sparrow, and Brewer's Sparrow in Southeastern Idaho
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圣鸫、圣麻雀和酿酒麻雀在爱达荷州东南部筑巢
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发表时间：
1981
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通讯作者：
T. Reynolds
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作者：
T. Reynolds
-我检查了仅限于爱达荷州东南部山艾树（Artemisia tridentata）栖息地的三种雀形目鸟类的领地大小、交配成功率、巢穴位置、巢穴发育和筑巢成功率。雄性鼠尾鸫 (Oreoscoptes montanus) 保卫的领地比鼠尾麻雀 (Amphispiza belli) 或布鲁尔麻雀 (Spizella Breweri) 保卫的领地要大。除一只领地圣鸫鸟（n = 19）外，所有其他鸟都成功地获得了配偶并筑巢。 53% 的领地圣麻雀 (n = 30) 和只有 23% 的展示啤酒麻雀 (n = 30) 会交配并筑巢。鸫鸫筑巢在山艾树下面的地面上或山艾树的树枝上。酿酒麻雀和鼠尾草麻雀仅在山艾树的灌木冠层中筑巢。鼠尾鸫、鼠尾麻雀和酿酒麻雀的平均孵化期和筑巢期（四舍五入到最接近的全天）分别为 15 (n = 9) 和 12 (n = 7) 天、14 (n = 5) 和 10 (n = 7) 天以及 11 (n = 1) 和 9 (n = 1) 天。鼠尾鸫 (n = 49) 和鼠尾麻雀 (n = 17) 的筑巢成功率相似（分别为 0.45 和 0.40），而布鲁尔麻雀 (n = 7) 的梅菲尔德成功率仅为 0.09。吸引交配的雄性圣麻雀比那些未能交配的雄性圣麻雀建立了更大的领地。酿酒麻雀筑巢时间比其他物种晚约 10 天，这可能导致其筑巢成功率较低，因为所有物种的筑巢地点要求相似。鼠尾鸫、鼠尾麻雀和酿酒麻雀是常见的雀形目鸟类，栖息在爱达荷州东南部斯内克河平原以山艾树为主的栖息地。据说其中每一种都几乎完全依赖于山艾树环境来生存（Braun et al. 1976）。直到最近（Trost et al. 1975，Schroeder and Sturges 1975，Reynolds 1978，Rich 1977, 1978，Reynolds and Rich 1978），仅限于该栖息地的雀形目动物的生态学受到的关注还很有限（Bent 1948，Feist 1968，Miller 1968，Paine 1968，Walcheck 1970 年，最佳 1972 年）。鸫鹬的筑巢数据已有报告，但两只麻雀的筑巢数据缺乏或不完整。我在此介绍我对这三个物种的领地大小、巢穴位置、孵化和筑巢期以及筑巢成功率的发现。材料和方法 大多数数据是从 1976 年 3 月中旬到 7 月中旬以及 1977 年在爱达荷州国家工程实验室 (INEL) 场地的两个 4 公顷研究区域收集的，该场地位于爱达荷州博纳维尔县爱达荷福尔斯以西约 48 公里处。这些区域相距约 12 公里，位于山艾树草原栖息地（Kiichler 1964），以大山艾树（Artemisia tridentata；Harniss 和 West 1973）为主。包括在 INEL 站点其他地方发现的巢穴放置和巢穴发育的数据，但仅在两个研究区域测量了领地。 Reynolds 和 Rich (1978) 提供了关于鼠尾鸫筑巢生态的初步数据，这些数据于 1976 年在其中一个研究地点以及 INEL 地点以东 25 公里处的另一个研究区域收集。在适当的情况下，除非另有说明，本研究的数据将与他们的数据合并并呈现，以增加该物种的样本量。按照 Williamson (1964) 和 Wiens (1973) 的方法绘制了显示每个物种雄性的领地，并根据 Reynolds 和 Rich (1978) 计算领地大小。我认为只有在连续几天至少绘制三次领地图后，雄性才具有领地意识。尽管领地的大小和形状在繁殖季节会发生变化，但此处提供的数据代表了每个歌唱雄性记录领地展示的总面积，因此代表了最大领地大小。每个研究区域以 50 米的间隔放置了 1.8 米高、带有塑料标记的颜色编码的木桩，以确保准确绘制领地和巢穴位置。实地调查人员通过观察求偶、筑巢或携带食物的行为，或将鸟从巢中冲走来发现巢穴。通过随机搜索该区域或由两名研究人员拖动一根 25 米长的绳子，绳子上悬挂着标记材料穿过植被顶部，鸟类被冲洗。每隔 1-3 天检查一次巢穴。记录每次访问时巢的状况以及蛋和/或雏鸟的数量。这些物种的孵化在很大程度上是同步的。孵化期记录为从产下最后一枚蛋到孵化之间经过的时间（以天为单位）。羽化通常也是同步的，筑巢期以孵化和羽化之间的天数来衡量，并记录每个巢。使用筑巢日、产蛋日和雏鸟日作为暴露单位来计算筑巢成功率（Mayfield 1975），
-I examined the territory size, mating success, nest placement, nest development, and nesting success of the three passerine species restricted to the sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) habitat in southeastern Idaho. Territories defended by male Sage Thrashers (Oreoscoptes montanus) were larger than those defended by either Sage Sparrows (Amphispiza belli) or Brewer's Sparrows (Spizella breweri). All but one of the territorial Sage Thrashers (n = 19) were successful in securing mates and nesting. Fifty-three percent of the territorial Sage Sparrows (n = 30) and only 23% of the displaying Brewer's Sparrows (n = 30) secured mates and nested. Thrashers nested either on the ground below sagebrush or in the branches of sagebrush plants. Brewer's and Sage sparrows nested only in the shrub canopy of sagebrush. Average incubation and nesting periods (rounded to the nearest whole day) for the Sage Thrasher, Sage Sparrow, and Brewer's Sparrow were 15 (n = 9) and 12 (n = 7) days, 14 (n = 5) and 10 (n = 7) days, and 11 (n = 1) and 9 (n = 1) days respectively. Sage Thrashers (n = 49) and Sage Sparrows (n = 17) had a similar probability of nesting success (0.45 and 0.40, respectively), while the Mayfield success rate for Brewer's Sparrows (n = 7) was only 0.09. Male Sage Sparrows that attracted mates had established larger territories than those that failed to mate. Brewer's Sparrows nested about 10 days later than the other species, which may have resulted in their lower nesting success, since nest site requirements of all species were similar. The Sage Thrasher, Sage Sparrow, and Brewer's Sparrow are common passerine species nesting in the sagebrush-dominated habitat on the Snake River Plain in southeastern Idaho. Each of these is said to be almost completely dependent on the sagebrush environment for survival (Braun et al. 1976). Until recently (Trost et al. 1975, Schroeder and Sturges 1975, Reynolds 1978, Rich 1977, 1978, Reynolds and Rich 1978), the ecology of passerines restricted to this habitat had received limited attention (Bent 1948, Feist 1968, Miller 1968, Paine 1968, Walcheck 1970, and Best 1972). Nesting data have been reported for the thrasher but they are lacking or incomplete for the two sparrows. I present here my findings on the territory size, nest placement, incubation and nesting periods, and the nesting success of these three species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Most of the data were collected from mid-March to mid-July 1976 and 1977, in two 4-ha study areas on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) Site, approximately 48 km west of Idaho Falls, Bonneville Co., Idaho. These areas were about 12 km apart and located in sagebrush steppe habitat (Kiichler 1964) dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata; Harniss and West 1973). Data on nest placement and development of nests found elsewhere on the INEL Site were included, but territories were measured only on the two study areas. Reynolds and Rich (1978) presented preliminary data on the nesting ecology of the Sage Thrasher, which were gathered in 1976 on one of these study sites, plus an additional study area 25 km east of the INEL Site. Where appropriate, and unless stated otherwise, data from the present study were combined and presented with theirs in order to increase the sample size for this species. Territories were mapped for displaying males of each species following the methods of Williamson (1964) and Wiens (1973), and territory sizes were calculated according to Reynolds and Rich (1978). I considered males to be territorial only after their territories had been mapped at least three times on successive days. Although territories change in size and shape during the breeding season, the data presented here represent the total area in which territorial displays were recorded for each singing male, and thus represent maximum territory size. Wooden stakes, 1.8-m tall and color-coded with plastic flagging, were placed at 50-m intervals in each study area to ensure accurate mapping of territories and nest sites. Field investigators found nests by observing courtship, nest building, or food carrying behavior, or by flushing a bird from the nest. Birds were flushed by randomly searching the area or by two researchers dragging a 25-m rope with flagging material suspended from it across the top of the vegetation. Nests were examined at 1-3 day intervals. The condition of the nest and the number of eggs and/or nestlings present at each visit were recorded. Hatching for these species was, for the most part, synchronous. Incubation periods were recorded as the time in days elapsed between the date the last egg of a clutch was laid and hatching. Fledging also was generally synchronous, and nesting periods were measured as the number of days between hatching and fledging, recorded for each nest. Nesting success was calculated using the nest-day, egg-day, and nestling-day as units of exposure (Mayfield 1975),