Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere
Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere
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DOI：
10.1080/10889370802175895
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发表时间：
1999-04
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Tingjun Zhang;R. Barry;K. Knowles;J. A. Heginbottom;J. Brown
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tingjun Zhang;R. Barry;K. Knowles;J. A. Heginbottom;J. Brown
摘要利用国际多年冻土协会（IPA）最新出版的环北极冻土和地面冰条件图（IPA图），结合全球土地覆盖特征数据库和全球陆地1公里基准高程数据库的辅助数据集，对北半球多年冻土和地面冰的分布进行了研究。我们的研究表明，永久冻土位于大约22.79×106 km2或23.9%的北半球暴露的陆地面积之下。永久冻土层从北纬26度的喜马拉雅山脉延伸到北纬84度的格陵兰岛北部。大约70%的永久冻土层分布在北纬45°至67°之间。一般来说，高纬度地区的永久冻土区冰含量高（按体积计为20%），覆盖层厚度相对较厚（5 ~ 10 m），约占永久冻土区总面积的8.57%，占北半球暴露陆地面积的2.02%。低含冰量（按体积计<10%，覆盖层厚度或厚度均可）的永久冻土主要分布在山区和高原，约占永久冻土总面积的66.5%或裸露土地面积的15.8%。北半球大约62%的永久冻土位于海拔500米以下，约10%位于海拔3000米以上。根据IPA地图分类，北半球地面冰的估计体积在5.63至15.12×103 km3之间，相当于~ 2-4 cm的海平面当量。根据其他假设，地面冰的体积可能在11.37至36.55×103 km3之间，相当于3-10 cm的海平面当量。
Abstract The recently published digital version of the International Permafrost Association (IPA) Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions (the IPA map), together with ancillary data sets of the global land cover characteristics data base and the Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation data base, are used to investigate the distribution of permafrost and ground ice in the Northern Hemisphere. Our study indicates that permafrost underlies approximately 22.79×106 km2 or 23.9% of the exposed land area of the Northern Hemisphere. Permafrost extends from 26°N in the Himalayas to 84°N in northern Greenland. Approximately 70% of the permafrost is distributed between 45 and 67°N. Generally, permafrost with high ice content (>20% by volume) and relatively thick overburden cover (>5 to 10 m) is found at high latitudes, representing approximately 8.57% of the total permafrost area, or 2.02% of the exposed land area of the Northern Hemisphere. Permafrost with low ice content (<10% by volume with either thick or thin overburden cover) occurs mainly in mountainous regions and high plateaus, representing approximately 66.5% of the total permafrost area or 15.8% of the exposed land area. Approximately 62% of the permafrost of the Northern Hemisphere is found below 500 m a.s.l. and about 10% occurs above 3000 m a.s.l. Based on the IPA map categories, the estimated volume of ground ice in the Northern Hemisphere is between 5.63 and 15.12×103 km3, corresponding to ∼2–4 cm sea level equivalent. Based on alternative assumptions, the volume of ground ice may be between 11.37 and 36.55×103 km3, which corresponds to 3-10 cm sea-level equivalent.