The Nigerian State and the Quest for a Stable Polity
The Nigerian State and the Quest for a Stable Polity
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尼日利亚国家和对稳定政体的追求
DOI：
10.2307/422134
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发表时间：
1992
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Kola Olugbade
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kola Olugbade
关于政治稳定的条件和原因，人们从不同的思想和理论角度进行了争论。对于其原因，目前还没有达成一致。此外，对于什么是稳定或不稳定，没有明确的概念。因此，当克劳德·阿克和D·桑德斯着眼于行为模式的规律性和行为或其常态2，并因此寻求一个非种族中心的稳定定义，道丁和金伯认为稳定是二分的。对他们来说，与AKE不同的是，没有必要衡量稳定或不稳定的程度。正如他们所说，“一个系统要么是稳定的，要么是不稳定的。因此，没有稳定的程度。”3在他们对政治稳定文献的理论回顾中，梅兰森和金将政治稳定的研究分为三种主要方式：广义投机方法、社会人口统计方法和更自觉的理论方法。根据他们的说法，“对稳定的原因和性质的思考性思考，在提供经验性的确认或否定为梳理可能的稳定原因所作的概括方面，几乎没有什么重大影响。”4社会人口统计学方法的假设是，稳定是基于显示物质幸福广泛分布的生态模式，以及关于政治制度价值观的大众共识。他们发现，这种方法在解释政治不稳定方面帮助不大，因为它强调了一种以种族为中心的观念，这种观念以西方民主国家为榜样，以稳定为榜样。他们拒绝采用这种方法的其他原因包括：它假定政治在政治生活中缺乏独立的影响力，它没有具体说明变量之间关系的任何标准，而且它无法界定独立变量和因变量，它倾向于在最方便获得的数据中寻找政治稳定的原因，而不是在与调查的概念完整性一致的数据中寻找原因。正如那些从经济角度解释政治不稳定(暴力)的人所做的工作所表明的那样，虽然政治因素很重要，但经济因素也同样重要，特别是在第三世界。在这方面，爱德华·N·穆勒和米切尔·塞利格森的作品尤为重要。利用关于土地不平等、无地和收入不平等的跨国数据，他们发现，所有形式的不平等(包括经济和政治)对政治暴力和经济发展都有很大影响。根据他们的说法，“收入再分配必须被列为现代化政府为了实现政治稳定而可以进行的有意义的改革之一。”6塞缪尔·P·亨廷顿的方法也影响了#年关于政治稳定的讨论。
The conditions and causes of political stability have been debated from different ideological and theoretical perspectives. There is no agreement on its causes. Moreover, there is no clear conceptualization of what stability or instability actually is. Thus, while Claude Ake and D. Sanders focus on patterns of behavior either in terms of regularity and behavior' or of its normality2 and hence seek a nonethnocentric definition of stability, Dowding and Kimber see stability as dichotomous. For them, and unlike Ake, there is no need to measure the degree of stability or instability. As they put it, "a system is either stable or unstable. There are, therefore, no degrees of stability."3 In their theoretical review of the literature on political stability, Melanson and King classified the study of political stability in three principal ways: the broadly speculative approach, the sociodemographic approach, and a more self-consciously theoretical approach. According to them, "the speculative reflections on the causes and nature of stability have had little significant impact on providing empirical confirmation or rejection of the kinds of generalizations made to sort out the possible causes of stability. "4 The assumption of the sociodemographic approach is that stability is based on ecological patterns showing a wide distribution of material well-being and on mass consensus concerning the values of the political system. They found this approach to be of little help in explaining political instability because of its emphasis on an ethnocentric notion that models stability upon the western democracies. Other reasons for their rejection of this approach include its assumption that politics lacks an independent influence in the life of the polity, its failure to specify any criteria for relationships between the variables coupled with its inability to delineate independent and dependent variables, and its tendency to seek the causes of political stability in the data most conveniently available and not in data which are consistent with the conceptual integrity of the inquiry.5 The third approach is rejected because, like the other two, it is never explicit and the independent variables of political stability and instability are not clearly specified. As the work of those who explain political instability (violence) from an economic standpoint shows, while political factors are important, economic factors are equally important, especially in the Third World. The works of Edward N. Muller and Mitchell Seligson are particularly important in this regard. Using cross-national data on land inequality, landlessness, and income inequality, they found that inequality in all forms (including economic and political) contributes significantly to political violence, and by implication economic development. According to them, "redistribution of income must be ranked as one of the meaningful reforms that a modernizing government can undertake in the interest of achieving political stability. "6 Samuel P. Huntington's approach also has influenced discussion of political stability in