Lifestyle in Pregnancy and Hypospadias in Sons: A Study of 85,923 Mother-Son Pairs from Two Danish Pregnancy Cohorts.
Lifestyle in Pregnancy and Hypospadias in Sons: A Study of 85,923 Mother-Son Pairs from Two Danish Pregnancy Cohorts.
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DOI：
10.2147/clep.s335877
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Ramlau-Hansen CH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kjersgaard CL;Arendt LH;Ernst A;Søndergaard Lindhard M;Olsen J;Henriksen TB;Strandberg-Larsen K;Ramlau-Hansen CH
尿道下裂是最常见的男性先天性畸形之一。母亲在怀孕期间的生活方式是否会影响儿子患尿道下裂的风险仍然存在争议，特别是吸烟，许多人认为风险较低。我们评估了母亲吸烟、孕前体重指数（BMI）、饮酒、酗酒和咖啡因摄入与儿子尿道下裂发生率之间的个体和联合关联。这项队列研究使用了丹麦国家出生队列和奥胡斯出生队列，收集了1989年至2012年期间怀孕早期生活方式因素的详细信息。根据《国际疾病分类》，丹麦的健康登记册被用来确定尿道下裂的男孩。通过文献检索和使用有向无环图确定潜在混杂因素和协变量。缺失数据采用多重插补处理，并应用考克斯比例风险模型分析数据。总共有85，923例活产单胎男孩被纳入研究，其中502例（0.6%）被诊断为尿道下裂。母亲在怀孕早期吸烟与尿道下裂的发生率较低有关。每天吸烟量增加一根与儿子患尿道下裂的风险降低相关（调整后的风险比（HR）0.97（95%置信区间（CI）0.94，1.00））。然而，子分析表明，结果可能倾向于未调整的混杂。我们没有发现怀孕前的体重指数，饮酒，酗酒，或咖啡因的消费和尿道下裂之间的关联。母亲在怀孕期间吸烟与尿道下裂的发生率较低有关，但我们不能排除未控制的混杂因素。其他调查的母亲生活方式因素与儿子尿道下裂无关。
Hypospadias is one of the most frequent male congenital malformations. It remains controversial whether maternal lifestyle during pregnancy may affects the risk of having a son with hypospadias, especially for smoking with many suggesting lower risk. We assessed the individual and joint associations between maternal cigarette smoking, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and caffeine consumption and occurrence of hypospadias in sons. This cohort study utilized the Danish National Birth Cohort and the Aarhus Birth Cohort, holding detailed information on lifestyle factors in early pregnancy between 1989 and 2012. The Danish health registers were used to identify boys with hypospadias, according to International Classification of Diseases. Potential confounders and covariates were identified by literature search and use of directed acyclic graphs. Missing data were handled by multiple imputation and Cox proportional hazards models were applied to analyse data. In total, 85,923 live-born singleton boys were included in the study of whom 502 (0.6%) were diagnosed with hypospadias. Maternal smoking in early pregnancy was associated with lower occurrence of hypospadias. An increase of one cigarette smoked per day was associated with lower risk of having a son with hypospadias (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94, 1.00)). However, sub-analyses suggested that the results may be prone to unadjusted confounding. We found no association between pre-pregnancy BMI, alcohol consumption, binge drinking, or caffeine consumption and hypospadias. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with lower occurrence of hypospadias but we cannot exclude uncontrolled confounding. The other investigated maternal lifestyle factors were not associated with hypospadias in sons.