Radar Reflectivity and Altitude Distributions of Lightning as a Function of IC, CG, and HY Flashes: Implications for LNOx Production
Radar Reflectivity and Altitude Distributions of Lightning as a Function of IC, CG, and HY Flashes: Implications for LNOx Production
复制标题
DOI：
10.1029/2018jd029263
复制
发表时间：
2018-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Mecikalski;L. Carey
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Mecikalski;L. Carey
闪电相对于雷达反射率和高度的二维（2-D）直方图分布是使用总共41，180次云间/云内（IC）闪电，3，326次云对地（CG）闪电和4，349次起源于多单元的混合（HY）闪电创建的; 111，479次IC闪、8，588次CG闪和11，699次HY闪起源于中尺度对流系统; 91，283次IC闪光，3，023次CG闪光和7，872次HY闪光，起源于北方亚拉巴马和田纳西南部的超级单体。结果表明，尽管无论风暴类型如何，CG闪光都是在相同的高度开始和传播的，但IC闪光的温度差异可达10 °C，而HY闪光的温度差异相对于风暴类型可达20 °C。此外，IC、CG和HY闪光以比它们引发的地方低的反射率传播，而CG闪光在比IC和HY闪光高的反射率内引发和传播。HY闪光也是IC闪光的两倍，比CG闪光大约40%，并且起源于中尺度对流系统的闪光与多单体和超级单体相比具有更大的整体尺寸。当将新的二维直方图分布与用于计算闪电产生的氮氧化物（LNOx）的传统分布进行比较时，结果表明新分布的性能要好得多，具有更高的皮尔逊积矩相关系数值和更低的均方根误差。因此，这些新的分布更适合在建模LNOx时使用，并且将导致比使用传统分布更准确的LNOx估计。
Two dimensional (2‐D) histogram distributions of lightning flashes relative to radar reflectivity and altitude were created using a total of 41,180 intercloud/intracloud (IC) flashes, 3,326 cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes, and 4,349 hybrid (HY) flashes that originated in multicells; 111,479 IC flashes, 8,588 CG flashes, and 11,699 HY flashes that originated in mesoscale convective systems; and 91,283 IC flashes, 3,023 CG flashes, and 7,872 HY flashes that originated in supercells that occurred over northern Alabama and southern Tennessee. It was shown that although CG flashes initiate and propagate at the same altitude irrespective of storm type, IC flashes could have differences of up to 10 °C, while for HY flashes these differences increased to up to 20 °C relative to storm type. Further, IC, CG, and HY flashes propagated in lower reflectivities than where they initiated, while CG flashes initiated and propagated within higher reflectivities than IC and HY flashes. HY flashes were also twice as large as IC flashes and ~40% larger than CG flashes, and flashes that originated in mesoscale convective systems had larger overall sizes as compared to multicells and supercells. When comparing the new 2‐D histogram distributions to the legacy distributions used for the calculation of lightning‐produced nitrogen oxides (LNOx), it was shown that the new distributions perform much better, with higher Pearson product moment correlation coefficient values and much lower root‐mean‐square errors. These new distributions are thus more appropriate to use when modeling LNOx and will lead to more accurate LNOx estimations than using the legacy distributions.