Spatial scale and small area population statistics for England and Wales
Spatial scale and small area population statistics for England and Wales
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DOI：
10.1080/13658816.2015.1111377
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发表时间：
2016-06-02
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Lloyd, Christopher D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lloyd, Christopher D.
众所周知，汇总数据的分析结果（例如作为人口普查输出提供的数据）取决于用于报告数据的区域的大小和形状。然而，许多汇总人口普查数据的用户没有考虑分析中使用的区域在多大程度上捕获了他们正在研究的人口亚组的空间信息。此外，未来的数据收集策略应考虑此类问题。本文以英格兰和威尔士为重点，旨在评估输出区域 (OA) 和 OA 聚合在多大程度上捕获了选定人口亚组的信息，因此，使用特定规模的区域来正确分析这些亚组的地理位置可能有多重要。本文使用相异指数、[图形]（针对 x 和 y 组）和变差函数来评估人口亚组的空间变化，以 OA、下层超级输出区域 (LSOA)、中层超级输出区域 (MSOA) 和地方当局区 (LA) 的计数表示，所有这些都是英格兰和威尔士人口普查的输出。分析显示了每个空间尺度上包含与年龄、种族、住房保有权、汽车或货车可用性、资格、就业、限制长期疾病（LLTI）和国家统计社会经济分类（NS-SeC）相关的子类别的信息量。区域层次结构的每个级别所包含的变异量因人口亚组而显着不同。 LA 通过白人/黑人、亚洲人和少数民族的二元分类捕获了人口分布的大部分（83%）变异（远多于任何其他变量），但仍然存在相当大的局部变异。结果表明，大于 OA 的区域在地理上不够详细，无法对地方之间的地方差异进行有意义的分析，因此英国人口普查的任何替代方案（以英格兰和威尔士为具体案例）都必须提供与 OA 大小相当的区域。如果只能对较大区域进行估计，那么将会丢失大量信息，并且我们探索不同地区的子群体特征或变量之间的关系如何存在差异的能力将大大减弱。研究结果还提供了 2011 年英格兰和威尔士人口地理分布方式的一些证据。
It is well-known that the results of analyses of aggregate data, such as those provided as outputs from censuses, are dependent on the size and shape of the zones used to report the data. However, many users of aggregate census data do not consider how far the zones utilised in their analyses capture spatial information about the population sub-groups they are studying. In addition, future data collection strategies should account for such issues. This article takes as its focus England and Wales, and it seeks to assess how far output areas (OAs) and aggregations of OAs capture information in selected population sub-groups and, therefore, how important it might be to use zones of a particular size in order to properly analyse the geographies of these sub-groups. The article uses the index of dissimilarity,[GRAPHICS](for groups x and y), and variograms to assess spatial variation in population sub-groups as represented by counts for OAs, lower layer super output areas (LSOAs), middle layer super output areas (MSOAs) and local authority districts (LAs), all produced as outputs from the Census in England and Wales. The analyses show how much information is contained at each spatial scale for sub-categories relating to age, ethnic group, housing tenure, car or van availability, qualifications, employment, limiting long-term illness (LLTI) and National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SeC). The amount of variation contained by each level of the hierarchy of zones differs markedly by population sub-group. LAs capture most (83%) of the variation in the spread of the population by the binary categorisation of White/Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (far more than for any other variable), but there remains considerable local variation. The results suggest that zones larger than OAs are not geographically detailed enough to enable meaningful analysis of local-level differences between places and thus any alternative to the Census in the United Kingdom (with England and Wales as a specific case) must provide zones equivalent in size to OAs. If estimates are available only for larger areas then much information will be lost and our ability to explore how sub-group characteristics, or the relationships between variables, differ between localities will be considerably diminished. The results also provide evidence on some of the ways in which the population of England and Wales was geographically distributed in 2011.