THE QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PHYLOGENETIC CONSTRAINTS IN COMPARATIVE ANALYSES - SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN BODY-WEIGHT AMONG PRIMATES
THE QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PHYLOGENETIC CONSTRAINTS IN COMPARATIVE ANALYSES - SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN BODY-WEIGHT AMONG PRIMATES
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05699.x
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发表时间：
1985-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
LEUTENEGGER, W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
CHEVERUD, JM;DOW, MM;LEUTENEGGER, W
我们提出了一个正式的模型，用于定量分析物种间性状值分布的系统发育和特定效应。总性状值分为系统发育值，从祖先物种继承，和特定值，独立进化的结果。这使得定量评估的力量的系统发育的惯性，或负担，显示在一个谱系中的字符，这样的问题，有关的相对重要性的系统发育的限制在进化中可以回答。这里提出的系统发育的具体影响的分离也允许系统发育的因素被明确地包括在跨物种的适应比较分析。这解决了进化比较研究中一个长期存在的问题。只有物种的特定值才能提供关于一组或相关物种中特征的独立进化的信息。因此，只有性状的特定值之间的相关性可以作为跨物种比较分析中适应的证据。应用系统发育自相关模型对44种灵长类动物体重性别二型的决定因素进行了比较分析。除了体重、交配系统、栖息地饮食和大小（体重本身）的两性异形外，还包括在分析中。所有的性状，除了饮食，在很大程度上受到系统发育惯性。对灵长类动物体重两性异形决定因素的比较分析表明，灵长类物种间50%的变异是由于雌雄同株。大小，或缩放，可以解释总共36%的变异，使其几乎一样重要，在确定一个物种所显示的二型性水平。栖息地，交配系统和饮食如下，占少量的变化。因此，在试图解释为什么一个特定的现代灵长类物种与其他灵长类动物相比具有非常多的二型性时，我们会说，首先是因为它的祖先比平均水平更具有二型性，第二是因为它是一个相对较大的物种，第三是因为它是陆生的，一夫多妻制的，食叶的。
We have presented a formal model for the quantitative analysis of phylogenetic and specific effects on the distribution of trait values among species. Total trait values are divided into phylogenetic values, inherited from an ancestral species, and specific values, the results of independent evolution. This allows a quantitative assessment of the strength of the phylogenetic inertia, or burden, displayed by a character in a lineage, so that questions concerning the relative importance of phylogenetic constraints in evolution can be answered. The separation of phylogenetic from specific effects proposed here also allows phylogenetic factors to be explicitly included in cross-species comparative analyses of adaptation. This solves a long-standing problem in evolutionary comparative studies. Only species'' specific values can provide information concerning the independent evolution of characters in a set or related species. Therefore, only correlations among specific values for traits may be used as evidence for adaptation in cross-species comparative analyses. The phylogenetic autocorrelation model was applied to a comparative analysis of the determinants of sexual dimorphism in weight among 44 primate species. In addition to sexual dimorphism in weight, mating system, habitat diet, and size (weight itself) were included in the analysis. All of the traits, except diet, were substantially influenced by phylogenetic inertia. The comparative analysis of the determinants of sexual dimorphism in weight indicates that 50% of the variation among primate species is due to phylogeny. Size, or scaling, could account for a total of 36% of the variance, making it almost as important as phylogeny in determining the level of dimorphism displayed by a species. Habitat, mating system, and diet follow, accounting for minor amounts of variation. Thus, in attempting to explain why a particular modern primate species is very dimorphic compared to other primates, we would say first because its ancestor was more dimorph than average, second because it is a relatively large species, and third because it is terrestrial, polygynous, and folivorous.