Extracellular Vesicles Deliver Host and Virus RNA and Regulate Innate Immune Response.
Extracellular Vesicles Deliver Host and Virus RNA and Regulate Innate Immune Response.
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DOI：
10.3390/ijms18030666
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发表时间：
2017-03-20
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Oshiumi H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kouwaki T;Okamoto M;Tsukamoto H;Fukushima Y;Oshiumi H
先天免疫系统在控制病毒感染中起着至关重要的作用。模式识别受体（PRR），如Toll样受体和RIG-I样受体，感知称为病原体相关分子模式（PAMP）的病毒组分并触发信号以诱导先天免疫应答。细胞外囊泡（EV），包括外泌体和微囊泡，提供功能性RNA并介导细胞间通讯。最近的研究表明，从病毒感染的细胞释放的EV将病毒RNA递送到树突状细胞和巨噬细胞，从而激活受体细胞中的PRR，这导致I型干扰素和促炎细胞因子的表达。另一方面，EV不仅将病毒RNA而且还将宿主microRNA转移到受体细胞。最近，肝细胞感染B型肝炎病毒（HBV）被证明会影响病毒感染细胞释放的EV中的microRNA水平，导致宿主先天免疫应答减弱。这表明病毒利用EV和宿主microRNA来抵消抗病毒先天免疫应答。在这篇综述中，我们总结了最近的研究结果有关的EV在抗病毒先天免疫反应中的作用。
The innate immune system plays a crucial role in controlling viral infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors, sense viral components called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger signals to induce innate immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, deliver functional RNA and mediate intercellular communications. Recent studies have revealed that EVs released from virus-infected cells deliver viral RNA to dendritic cells and macrophages, thereby activating PRRs in recipient cells, which results in the expression of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, EVs transfer not only viral RNA but also host microRNAs to recipient cells. Recently, infection of hepatocytes with hepatitis B virus (HBV) was shown to affect microRNA levels in EVs released from virus-infected cells, leading to attenuation of host innate immune response. This suggests that the virus utilizes the EVs and host microRNAs to counteract the antiviral innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to the role of EVs in antiviral innate immune responses.