Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece
Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500156
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发表时间：
2001-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Kyrtopoulos, SA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Georgiadis, P;Stoikidou, M;Kyrtopoulos, SA
在空气污染遗传毒性生物标志物的大规模分子流行病学研究背景下，24小时平均个人暴露于空气中PM2.5对居住在雅典市的194名不吸烟的技术学院学生进行了测量，希腊（空气污染程度中等偏高的地区）和附近的哈尔基达小镇预计污染程度较低。从问卷调查以及所有受试者在4天观察期内保存的时间-地点-活动日记（TLAD）中获得了与PAH长期和近期暴露评估相关的广泛信息。在此期间的最后24小时内，受试者接受PM2.5和PAH的个人暴露监测，同时在此期间结束时捐献血液样本。所有受试者均以这种方式监测两次;一次在冬季（6月至2月），一次在接下来的夏季（6月至9月）。9例血浆可替宁水平高于20 ng/ml的受试者被视为未报告的吸烟者，并从研究中排除。雅典冬季PM2.5暴露量（几何平均值39.7 mug/m3）低于Halkida（几何平均值56.2 mug/m3）（p < 0.001），而夏季没有显著的地点差异（雅典：几何平均值32.3 mug/m3，Halkida：几何平均值32.9 mug/m3; P = 0.79）。另一方面，PAH暴露冬季，雅典的空气污染物（八种致癌多环芳烃的总和）明显高于哈尔基达（雅典：几何平均值8.26 ng/m（3），Halkida：几何平均值5.80 ng/m（3）; P < 0.001）以及夏季（雅典：几何平均值4.44纳克/立方米（3），Halkida：几何平均值1.48纳克/立方米（3）; P < 0.001）。有一个显着的差异，在两个位置的多环芳烃暴露的配置文件，较轻的多环芳烃（苯并[a]蒽，苯并[k]荧蒽，苯并[B]荧蒽）的比例较高，而较重的多环芳烃（苯并[ghi]芘[BPer]和茚并[ 1，2，3，cd]芘）较低，在Halkida比在雅典，无论季节。这种差异似乎与个体暴露于环境烟草烟雾（ETS）有关，如（a）在个体水平上CHRYS/BPer比值与最近暴露于ETS的时间以及血浆可替宁水平之间的相关性，特别是在冬季;（B）所有三种标志物的平均水平的平行变化三个受试者亚组中的（申报ETS暴露量、可替宁水平、CHRYS/BPer比值）（雅典的受试者在所有三项指标中的水平最低; Halkida的受试者，而不是居住在研究所校园地区的受试者;和生活在研究所校园区的Halkida受试者，他们具有所有三种标志物的最高水平）。这表明ETS可以对暴露于相对较低水平的城市空气污染的受试者的PAH暴露特征产生显著影响。
In the context of a large-scale molecular epidemiology study of biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution, 24-h mean personal exposures to airborne PM2.5 (particulate matter < 2.5 mum) and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) were measured in 194 non-smoking technical institute students living in the city of Athens, Greece (an area with moderately high levels of air pollution) and the nearby small town of Halkida anticipated to have lower pollution levels. Extensive information relevant to the assessment of long-term and recent exposure to PAH was obtained from questionnaires as well as a time-location-activity diary (TLAD) which was kept by all subjects during a 4-day observation period. During the last 24 h of this period, subjects underwent personal exposure monitoring for PM2.5 and PAH, while a sample of blood was donated at the end of this period. All subjects were monitored in this way twice; once during a winter season (October-February) and once during the following summer season (June-September). Nine subjects with plasma cotinine levels above 20 ng/ml were considered as unreported smokers and excluded from the study. Winter PM2.5 exposures were lower in Athens (geometric mean 39.7 mug/m(3)) than Halkida (geometric mean 56.2 mug/m(3)) (p < 0.001),while there was no significant location difference during the summer (Athens: geometric mean 32.3 mug/m(3), Halkida: geometric mean 32.9 mug/m(3); P = 0.79). On the other hand, PAH exposures (sum of the eight carcinogenic PAHs) were significantly higher in Athens than in Halkida during the winter (Athens: geometric mean 8.26 ng/m(3), Halkida: geometric mean 5.80 ng/m(3); P < 0.001) as well as during the summer (Athens: geometric mean 4.44 ng/m(3), Halkida: geometric mean 1.48 ng/m(3); P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the profile of the PAH exposures at the two locations, the proportion of lighter PAH (benzo [a]anthracene, chrysene [CHRYS], benzo [k] fluoranthene, and benzo [b] fluoranthene) being higher, and that of heavier PAH (benzo [ghi] perylene [BPer] and indeno [ 1,2,3,cd] pyrene) lower, in Halkida than in Athens, regardless of season. This difference appeared to be related to individual exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), as indicated by (a) the correlation at the individual level between the CHRYS/BPer ratio and declared time of recent exposure to ETS as well as plasma cotinine levels, especially during the winter; (b) the parallel variation of he mean levels of all three markers (declared ETS exposure, cotinine levels, CHRYS/BPer ratio) among three subgroups of subjects (Athens subjects who had lowest levels of all three markers; Halkida subjects other than those living in the institute campus area; and Halkida subjects living in the institute campus area who had the highest levels of all three markers). This demonstrates that ETS can have a distinctive affect on the PAH exposure profile of subjects exposed to relatively low levels of urban air pollution.