Detecting seasonal and long-term vertical displacement in the North China Plain using GRACE and GPS
Detecting seasonal and long-term vertical displacement in the North China Plain using GRACE and GPS
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利用 GRACE 和 GPS 检测华北平原的季节性和长期垂直位移
DOI：
10.5194/hess-21-2905-2017
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发表时间：
2016-10
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Wang Tongqing
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wang Linsong;Chen Chao;Du Jinsong;Chen Chao;Wang Tongqing
摘要。利用全球定位系统（GPS）和重力恢复与气候试验（GRACE）的29个连续时间序列数据，对华北平原地表负荷的季节变化进行了分析。结果表明，垂直位移分量的季节变化显著，GPS和GRACE结果具有较强的相关性；当去除大气和非潮汐海洋效应时，GPS与GRACE的平均相关系数和加权均方根（WRMS）降幅分别为75.6和28.9 %，但GPS的年峰间幅值（1.2 ~ 6.3 mm）大于GRACE的年峰间幅值（1.0 ~ 2.2 mm）。利用GRACE数据计算了质量负荷变化引起的趋势率和季节信号；2003 - 2009年，grace导出的NCP陆地储水量损失率（乘以比例因子后）为3.39 cm yr - 1（相当于12.42 km3 yr - 1）。在10年时间跨度（2003 - 2012）中，TWS的损失率为2.57 cm yr - 1（相当于9.41 km3 yr - 1），这与从全球土地数据同化系统(GLDAS)/Noah模型中去除模拟土壤水分（SM）数据后由grace导出的结果估计的地下水储水量（GWS）耗损率（2003 - 2009年和2003 - 2012年分别为2.49和2.72 cm yr - 1）一致。2003 - 2009年，特别是2010 - 2013年，grace反演的GWS变化与浅层地下水位变化不一致。虽然浅层地下水可以从每年气候驱动的降雨中得到补给，但重要事实表明，GWS耗竭在深层含水层更为严重。grace反演结果显示，2004 ~ 2009年，整个区域在0.37 ~ 0.95 mm yr−1水平上总体呈上升趋势，但2010 ~ 2013年，在- 0.40 ~ 0.51 mm yr−1水平上，不同GPS站点的变化速率方向不一致。然后从gps数据中剔除TWS引起的垂直速度，得到由构造运动和人类活动引起的校正垂直速度。结果表明：华北盆地有隆起带和沉陷带。由于深部承压含水层的人为地下水开采，几乎整个中东部地区都遭受了严重的地面沉降。此外，NCP西部地区的轻微地面隆升主要受构造运动（如莫霍隆起或地幔上升流）控制。
Abstract. In total, 29 continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) time series data together with data from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) are analysed to determine the seasonal displacements of surface loadings in the North China Plain (NCP). Results show significant seasonal variations and a strong correlation between GPS and GRACE results in the vertical displacement component; the average correlation and weighted root-mean-squares (WRMS) reduction between GPS and GRACE are 75.6 and 28.9 % respectively, when atmospheric and non-tidal ocean effects were removed, but the annual peak-to-peak amplitude of GPS (1.2–6.3 mm) is greater than the data (1.0–2.2 mm) derived from GRACE. We also calculate the trend rate as well as the seasonal signal caused by the mass load change from GRACE data; the rate of GRACE-derived terrestrial water storage (TWS) loss (after multiplying by the scaling factor) in the NCP was 3.39 cm yr−1 (equivalent to 12.42 km3 yr−1) from 2003 to 2009. For a 10-year time span (2003 to 2012), the rate loss of TWS was 2.57 cm yr−1 (equivalent to 9.41 km3 yr−1), which is consistent with the groundwater storage (GWS) depletion rate (the rate losses of GWS were 2.49 and 2.72 cm yr−1 during 2003–2009 and 2003–2012 respectively) estimated from GRACE-derived results after removing simulated soil moisture (SM) data from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)/Noah model. We also found that GRACE-derived GWS changes are in disagreement with the groundwater level changes from observations of shallow aquifers from 2003 to 2009, especially between 2010 and 2013. Although the shallow groundwater can be recharged from the annual climate-driven rainfall, the important facts indicate that GWS depletion is more serious in deep aquifers. The GRACE-derived result shows an overall uplift in the whole region at the 0.37–0.95 mm yr−1 level from 2004 to 2009, but the rate of change direction is inconsistent in different GPS stations at the −0.40–0.51 mm yr−1 level from 2010 to 2013. Then we removed the vertical rates, which are induced by TWS from GPS-derived data, to obtain the corrected vertical velocities caused by tectonic movement and human activities. The results show that there are uplift areas and subsidence areas in NCP. Almost the whole central and eastern region of NCP suffers serious ground subsidence caused by the anthropogenic-induced groundwater exploitation in the deep confined aquifers. In addition, the slight ground uplifts in the western region of NCP are mainly controlled by tectonic movement (e.g. Moho uplifting or mantle upwelling).
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