Adult-onset offenders: Is a tailored theory warranted?
Adult-onset offenders: Is a tailored theory warranted?
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.03.001
复制
发表时间：
2016-09-01
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Moffitt TE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Beckley AL;Caspi A;Harrington H;Houts RM;Mcgee TR;Morgan N;Schroeder F;Ramrakha S;Poulton R;Moffitt TE
为了描述正式的成年罪犯，调查他们的反社会历史，并测试关于他们起源的假设。我们使用刑事法庭定罪记录，在931名达尼丁研究成员中，对38岁以下的成年罪犯进行了定义。官方的成年罪犯占男性的14%，占被定罪男性的32%，但只占定罪的15%。正如强调早期生活对犯罪影响的发展理论所预期的那样，成年初犯的反社会行为历史可以追溯到童年。与少年犯相比，在青春期，他们的犯罪同龄人较少，社会压抑程度更高，这可能保护了他们免受定罪。正如强调情境影响对犯罪的重要性的理论所预期的那样，与非犯罪者相比，成年犯在成年期间更容易患有精神分裂症、躁郁症和酒精依赖，社会纽带更弱，预期的非正式制裁更少，自我报告的犯罪率更高。与一些人的预期相反，成年罪犯没有高智商或高社会经济地位的家庭来保护他们免受青少年定罪。为成年罪犯量身定做的理论是没有根据的，因为很少有人从成年开始从头开始犯罪。官方的成年犯属于犯罪及其相关的连续体，介于官方的非犯罪者和官方的未成年犯之间。现有的理论可以适应成人发病的罪犯。
To describe official adult-onset offenders, investigate their antisocial histories and test hypotheses about their origins. We defined adult-onset offenders among 931 Dunedin Study members followed to age 38, using criminal-court conviction records. Official adult-onset offenders were 14% of men, and 32% of convicted men, but accounted for only 15% of convictions. As anticipated by developmental theories emphasizing early-life influences on crime, adult-onset offenders’ histories of antisocial behavior spanned back to childhood. Relative to juvenile-offenders, during adolescence they had fewer delinquent peers and were more socially inhibited, which may have protected them from conviction. As anticipated by theories emphasizing the importance of situational influences on offending, adult-onset offenders, relative to non-offenders, during adulthood more often had schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcohol-dependence, had weaker social bonds, anticipated fewer informal sanctions, and self-reported more offenses. Contrary to some expectations, adult-onset offenders did not have high IQ or high socioeconomic-status families protecting them from juvenile conviction. A tailored theory for adult-onset offenders is unwarranted because few people begin crime de novo as adults. Official adult-onset offenders fall on a continuum of crime and its correlates, between official non-offenders and official juvenile-onset offenders. Existing theories can accommodate adult-onset offenders.