Phylogenetic evidence that aphids, rather than plants, determine gall morphology
Phylogenetic evidence that aphids, rather than plants, determine gall morphology
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.1995.0063
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发表时间：
1995-04
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Stern
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Stern
许多不同的分类群已经独立进化，形成了生活在植物虫胆中的习性。除了一些病毒虫胆，尚不清楚植物产生虫胆是否是植物对某些类型的食草动物的一种特殊反应，还是食草动物直接发育虫胆。在这里，我提出了一个系统发育分析，其结果表明，根瘤形态在蚜虫的系统发育上是极其保守的，但在植物分类学上是可变的。此外，系统发育树揭示了至少三种寄主植物的开关，在这些开关中，蚜虫产生最类似于它们近亲的虫胆，而不是类似于寄主植物上已经存在的蚜虫的虫胆。这些结果表明，蚜虫决定了根瘤形态的细节，本质上扩展了它们的表型，包括植物材料。基于这一证据和其他证据，我认为，蚜虫和其他恼人的昆虫操纵潜在的植物发育程序，以产生改良的返祖植物形态，而不是创造新的形式。
Many diverse taxa have evolved independently the habit of living in plant galls. For all but some viral galls, it is unknown whether plants produce galls as a specialized plant reaction to certain types of herbivory, or whether herbivores direct gall development. Here I present a phylogenetic analysis of gall-forming cerataphidine aphids which demonstrates that gall morphology is extremely conservative with respect to aphid phylogeny, but variable with respect to plant taxonomy. In addition, the phylogeny reveals at least three host plant switches where the aphids produce galls most similar to the galls of their closest relatives, rather than galls similar to the galls of aphids already present on the host plant. These results suggest that aphids determine the details of gall morphology essentially extending their phenotype to include plant material. Based on this and other evidence, I suggest that the aphids and other galling insects manipulate latent plant developmental programmes to produce modified atavistic plant morphologies rather than create new forms de novo.